الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the commonest endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has been increasing worldwide. The rising TC incidence is influenced by improved diagnostics, lifestyle (low iodine diet, smoking), hereditary factors, and childhood ionizing radiation exposure. However, the link between reproductive exposures and TC risk remains unclear, and further investigation is needed.
Aim of the study: To describe the epidemiology, determine risk factors of TC Minia Governorate and suggest risk prediction model for TC.
Research methodology: The study employed two approaches: 1) analysis of secondary data of TC patients diagnosed from 2009-2020 in Minia Governorate, and 2) a case-control study with age- and sex-matched healthy controls to investigate risk factors.
Results: Analysis of 673 TC cases in Minia Governorate (2009-2020) revealed female predominance (77.7%) with a median age of 44. The highest age-adjusted incidence occurred in 2019 (2.62 per 100,000). Significant rises were noted in female incidence between 2009-2013 [annual percent change (APC): +20.12%] and between 2017-2019 (APC: +25.41%). The highest female TC incidence rates were observed in Deir Gabal El-Tir (11.6 per 100,000), Monshaat Menabl (9.3 per 100,000), and Nazlet Herz (8.6 per 100,000). The age- and sex-matched case-control study identified family history and catfish consumption as strong predictors of TC. Additional predictors included first-degree relatives with TC, occupational chemical exposure, prior CT scans, diabetes, and heavy smoking. For females, the top predictors were the number of female children and use of fertility drugs.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate a high burden among females, with some geographic localities showing particularly elevated incidence rates. Family history, dietary habits, occupational exposures, and medical radiation were key factors influencing TC risk. Parity and fertility drug use were the top risk factors for females.
Recommendations: Implement targeted screening programs in high-incidence areas, considering geographic variations, to facilitate early detection of TC. Raise public awareness, especially in high-incidence regions, about thyroid disease symptoms, emphasizing the importance of early medical consultation. Further research on gene-environment interactions and the impact of reproductive factors on TC risk can enhance risk prediction models and guide more tailored preventive strategies.