الفهرس 
Use of ventilator care bundle to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia : The impact of using echinacea as a complementary modality
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Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most commonly encountered hospital-acquired infections seen in the critical care setting and can be linked to several adverse clinical outcomes. Defined by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as pneumonia occurring 48 h or longer after the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a complication in as many as 28% of patients who receive mechanical ventilation. And so any patient who is mechanically ventilated is at risk for VAP. The rate of contracting VAP has been described as 3 per cent per day during the first week of mechanical ventilation, 2 per cent per day during week 2 and 1 per cent per day in the ensuing weeks. The overall incidence of VAP ranges widely, from 5 to 67 per cent depending on the diagnostic criteria used