الفهرس 
Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract Against Anti-inflammatory Drug Mixtures-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats”Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were:
1) To evaluate the interactive effects of mixtures toxicity of anti-inflammatory drugs in male rats.
2) To examine the ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against mixtures of anti-inflammatory drugs-induced toxicity in male ratsPollution of the environment has reached a challenging and alarming level, which is a direct threat to humanity. Water is most often targeted for pollutants because of its good solubility power for a wide range of contaminants. Therefore, maximum pollutants are found in water and reach the human body through this medium; the presence of drugs and pharmaceuticals such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is also alarming and dangerous as some of them can, disturb the enzymatic, hormonal, and genetic systems of human beings. The main sources of contamination due to drugs and pharmaceuticals are industries, hospitals, and domestic activities (Baoshan et al., 2011). Other sources such as emission from production sites, manufacture spill accidents, septic tanks, aquaculture, underground leakage from sewage infrastructures, therapeutic treatment of livestock on fields, and effluents from farms are of significance (Eslami et al., 2015).
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketoprofen, piroxicam and indomethacin are extensively used as analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents and produce their therapeutic effects through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (Abatan et al., 2006).
Ketoprofen, a potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic drug belonging to the propionic acid class rapid absorption, simple metabolism, faster blood brain barrier crossing and high antinociceptive activity are the features responsible for its high use. But, free acidic moiety present in its structure is the major factor that declines its popularity by causing various gastric side effects (Chavvla et al., 2016).
Piroxicam is an NS AID, an oxicam derivative, which are enolic acids that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme none selectively. It results in inhibition of prostaglandin production, which is the main mediator of pain. It has a long half-life (t!4) of approximately 50’ h. It is also used in the management of postoperative pain, musculoskeletal disorders, and dysmenorrhea.. It has shown clinical efficacy in relieving pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Yaseen. et al., 2018).
The first NSAID medications to be used in treatment of migraine and for headaches was indomethacin. Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Its pharmacological effect is thought to be mediated through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for catalyzes the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway (Lucas, 2016).
The toxicity of indomethacin can be directly related to their biliary excretion, can cause intestinal lesions.Indomethacin and piroxicam caused increases in the level of total bilirubin and decreases blood urea nitrogen. Anti-inflammatory drugs have potential