الفهرس 
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Abstract
Obesity is considered the largest public health problem worldwide, especially in industrialized countries. Obesity has been described as a state of chronic oxidative stress, probably due to the presence of excessive adipose tissue which act as a source of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, these cytokines are potent stimulators for the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen by macrophages and monocytes. Furthermore, oxidative stress has been defined as the link between obesity and its major associated disorders such as insulin resistance and hypertension.
The klothogene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and is expressed only in limited tissues like the distal convolutedtubules in the kidney and the choroid plexus in the brain. Klotho protein increases resistance to oxidative stress may be due to its ability to inhibit insulin/IGF-1, activate FOXOs and increase SOD2 expression, thereby facilitating removal of reactive oxygen species and increasing resistance to oxidative stress
This study was carried out in order to clarify the effects of exercise and/or antioxidants on klotho gene messenger RNA expression during oxidative stress induced by obesity in renal tissue.
Adult white male albino rats are used which were divided into 5 main groups:
Group I(negative control): consists of 7 rats receiving balanced diet in which fat represents 12 % of total caloric requirements for 16 weeks.
Group II (positive control): consists of 14 rats subdivided into:
IIa: consists of 7 rats receiving high fat diet in which fat represents 60% of total caloric requirements for 16 weeks
IIb: consists of 7 rats receiving high fat diet in which fat represents 60% of total caloric requirements for 24 weeks.
Group (III)(exercise group): consists of 7 rats receiving high fat diet for 24 weeks and will undergo exercise training for 30-45 minutes /day in the last8 weeks.
Group (IV)(antioxidant group): consists of 7 rats receiving high fat diet for 24 weeks and will receive vitamin E at a dose of 1gm/kg in the last 8 weeks.
Group (V)(exercise and antioxidant group): consists of 7 rats receiving high fat diet for 24 weeks and will undergo exercise training for 30-45 minutes /day and will receive vitamin E at a dose of 1gm/kg in the last 8 weeks.
The obtained results of this study could be summarized as follow:
• The consumption of high fat diet -in which the fat represents 60% of the total caloric requirements- by the mice for 16 weeks resulted in a significant increases in weight associated with insulin resistance manifested by a significant increase in serum glucose level , serum insulin level, and HOMA while there was no statistical significant difference in serum creatinine level. There was also a significant increase in TNFα expression associated with a significant decrease in KLOTHO expression in the kidney on comparing them with the control group.
• On increasing the duration of consumption of high fat diet for 24 weeks, there were no significant difference regarding the weight, serum insulin level, HOMA level, serum creatinine level or Klotho expression level in the kidney while there were significant increase regarding serum glucose level & TNFα expression level in the kidney on comparing them with the consumption of high fat diet for 16 weeks.
• Studying the effect of exercise training for45minutes /day ,vitamin E administration and combined exercise training with antioxidant administration for8 weeks, there was:
--Significant decreases in body weight in exercise group&combined exercise and antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks)and the more weight loss was among combined exercise training &vitamin E treatment group.
-Significant decreases in serum glucose level among exercise group, antioxidant group&combined exercise&antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks) with the maximum reduction was among combined exercise& antioxidant group.
-Significant decreases in plasma insulin level among exercise group & combined exercise&antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks)and the more reduction was among combined exercise& antioxidant group.
-Significant decreases in HOMA-IR among exercise group ,antioxidant group and combined exercise& antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks) with the maximum reduction was among combined exercise& antioxidant group.
-No significant change regarding serum creatinine level among exercise group, antioxidant group or combined exercise& antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks) .
-Significant decreases in the level of TNFα mRNA expression level in the kidney among exercise group&combined exercise& antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks)and the more reduction was among exercise group .
-Significant increases in the level of Klotho mRNA expression level in the kidney among exercise group,antioxidant group& combined exercise& antioxidant group when compared with +ve control group (high fat diet for 24 weeks) with the highest increment was among combined exercise& antioxidant group.