الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
One of the most significant problems confronting our civilization at the twentieth one-century concerns the status and future of the environment. Oil Spill Crisis is considered one of the most outrages crises, as it heavily ^threatens the environment. Marine oil spill incidents may affect life if it occur I wear to sensitive areas, as tourist areas, or areas of coral reefs, or areas near by desalination plants, (Goldberg, 1991)(1). At 1989 about 37 thousand tones of oil spilled out of the Exxon Valdez ship at Prince William’s pay. The cost of combating reached two milliard US. Dollars. The accident caused the killing of about from 350 thousand to 390 thousand marine mammals. Another big and famous accident is that one of the Greek ship at the Aegean Sea which caused of about 72 thousand tones of crude oil spilled at the west south of Spain 1992.
This crisis is considered worst than the Exxon Valdez. However the effect of oil spills can be far reaching, posing both an environmental and economic threat. Recreational activities, local industry, fisheries, and marine life are among the resources that can be adversely affected by oil spills.” Even if oil exposure isn’t immediately lethal, it can cause long-term harm. Bottom-dwelling fish exposed to compounds released after oil spills may develop liver disease and reproductive and growth problems.” (Internet)(2)
Managing crisis, e.g. oil spill requires making quick decisions that should be based on information. The shortage of information is the most important factor that causes the complexity of controlling the crises. This fact has been stated by US. President Abraham Lincoln ” I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me”. One of Lincoln’s major problems was that he didn’t receive the critical information he