الفهرس 
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Abstract
Gallbladder disease (GBD) is a global health problem with wide international variation in its prevalence. Based on autopsy studies; GBD appears to be more prevalent in the developed countries e.g. Malm?, Sweden (37.1) than in the developing ones e.g. Accra, Ghana (0). Nevertheless with the advent of the real time ultrasonography the picture is different. GBD is a major contributor to morbidity in Western countries. Nearly half a million are cholecystectomised annually with high health costs. GBD ranks the third and seventh most frequent diagnosis within the departments of surgery and medicine respectively. A broad spectrum of risk factors have been documented to be associated with GBD. These are either modifiable or non modifiable in nature. The non modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race, ethnic group and family history of GBD. The modifiable factors are environmental in origin. They include obesity, hyperlipidemia, dietary preferences, physical activities, habits (alcoholism, smoking, drinking of tea & coffee,.... etc), repeated pregnancy & parity and use of some medications (e.g. pills, hypolipidemics,..... etc). These environmental risk factors are amenable to changes that might suggest strategies for reduction and/or prevention of GBD. The present study was designed in order to detect the various demographic, socioeconomic, habitual, gynaeco-obstetric, dietary and other factors associated with increased risk of GBD development among patients randomly chosen from Gamal Abdel-Nasser, El-Mouassat and the Main University Hospitals. A case-control study was designed comprising 228 subjects; 114 cases with GBD and 114 controls crossly matched for age, sex, & class level with cases. All participants involved in the study were subjected to the following: I. Filling a predesigned inquiry sheet including information & data about: a. Personal characteristics (age, sex .... etc.). b. Socioeconomic status (education, occupation, marital status, income, housing ... etc.) c. Habits & addiction (alcoholism, cannabis, smoking, opium, drug abuse, .... etc). II. Thorough history taking about: a. Onset, manifestations, and course of the GBD. b. Previous attacks & medications given. c. Jaundice, diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, bleeding. d. Abdominal operations, hospitalization, blood transfusion. e. Family history of similar attack & GBD. f. Associated illnesses (e.g. schistosomiasis, enterica, diabetes, anaemias, parasitic infections such as fascioliasis, giardiasis... etc.). g. Dietary habits (regularity of feeding; excessive salts & spices; saturated fats & refined carbohydrates in the diet .... etc.). h. Gynaeco-obstetric history (pregnancies, parity, use of contraceptives.... etc.). III. Complete medical (general & systematic) examination. IV. Measurement of the weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI) according to Quettlet formula. Weight (Kgm) ––––––––––––– x 100 Height (m)2 V. Stool analysis using the direct fecal smear and formol ether sedimentation techniques to detect intestinal parasites among study population. VI. Ultrasonography on the liver, pancreas & gallbladder to detect cases with cirrhosis, gallstones & carcinoma.