الفهرس 
HISTORY OF PENICILLINSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Penicillin is one of the most Important of the antibiotics, it Is still a widely used major antibiotic and new derivatives of the basic penicillin nucleus are being produced every year.
The antibacterial activity of penicillin was first discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 192S.
Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics sharing the common basic mi Iceus, G-aminopenicillanic acid. This 6-APA can be obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillins by amidases. The antibacterial activity of
penicillin s is dependant upon the beta-lactarn ring, the opening of it by penicillinases C beta-lactamases), results in the production of penicilloic acids which are devoid of antihacterial activity. Alterations In the side chain can result In various penicillins with variable microbio-lopic and pharmacologic properties.
The most important penicillins In clinical usage include, penicillin G as a prototype, oral penicillin V, the antistaphylococcal penicillins (niethicillin, nafcillin,