الفهرس 
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Case presentationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association has defined bed-wetters as children older than age five who are incontinent of urine at night (Friman 1990). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis has been difficult to estimate because of variations in its definition and in social standards (Rushton 1989). It is now generally accepted that 15 to 20 percent of children will have some degree of nighttime wetting at five years of age, with a spontaneous resolution rate of approximately 15 percent per year.Therefore, at 15 years of age only 1 to 2 percent of teenagers will still wet the bed.Enuresis (from the Greek enouren to void urine) has been defined as an involuntary discharge of urine. The term is often used alone,imprecisely, to describe wetting that occurs only at night during sleep. It is more accurate, however, to refer to nighttime wetting as nocturnal enuresis and to distinguish it from daytime wetting, which is called diurnal enuresis. Because incontinence is normal in young children, the age at which enuresis becomes inappropriate depends on the statistics of developing urinary control, the pattern of wetting and the sex of the child.Approximately 15 per cent of normal children still wet at night at age 5 years. Nocturnal enuresis occurring after the age of five or by the time the child enters grade school is generally considered a cause for concern.With a spontaneous resolution rate of about 15 per cent per year, 99 per cent of children are dry by the age of 15 years (Forsythe and Redmond,1974). In contrast, diurnal enuresis that persists much after toilet training may be a problem. A larger proportion of girls than boys are dry both day and night by the age of 2 years, and nocturnal enuresis is 50 per cent more common in boys than in girls.