الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosurie due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency which affects other facets of metabolism eg. protein,lipid and vascular (micro and macro) abnormality.
For complete definition of diabetes mellitus, we consider that four general areas are affected in the complete clinical syndrome and that these should be considered in making a clinical diagnosis:
1- Hyperglycemia. There is an abnormality of carbohydrate
metabolism resulting inhyperglycemia and often associe
with accelerated fat and, protein catabolism. This
abnormality probably contributes to the other features
but seems unlikely to be their sole cause.
2- Large-vessel disease. There is accelerated atnero-
sclerosis and medial calcification.
3- Microvascular disease. There is an abnormality of
capillary basement membranes characterized by thicknee
and abnormal function. These capillary-related lesior.
are often termed the microvascular or small-vessel
concomitants of diabetes.
4- Neuropathy.These are peripheral sensory and motor defec
autonomic nervous system dysfunction,segmented demylir
tion, and abnormalities of Schwann eells. ’