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المستخلص
Renal cell carcinoma could be defined as the malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the tiny renal tubules, it accounts for approximately 2% of adult malignancies and 90-95% of neoplasms arising from the kidney.
The clear cell type is the most common morphological type of Renal cell carcinoma (about 85%) with Other less common cell types include papillary, chromophobe, and collecting duct tumors.
Cigarette smoking doubles the risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma ( in a dose dependent manner ) and contributes to as many as one third of all cases , additional risk factors include obesity , hypertension , unopposed estrogen therapy , occupational exposure to petroleum products , heavy metals and asbestos , chronic renal dialysis and acquired cystic kidney disease associated with chronic renal insufficiency.
Renal carcinoma occurs in both a sporadic and a hereditary form and both forms are associated with structural alterations of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p), The most studied form of hereditary renal carcinoma is von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) a hereditary cancer syndrome developed from a mutation of VHL gene , a tumor suppressor gene , its mutation results in uninhibition and upregulation of growth factors involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cell stabilization.