الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare the apical seal of four obturation techniques namely: Lateral condensation, Vertical condensation, Warm Lateral with an Ultrasonically activated spreader, and Thermafil obturation techniques. Two root canal sealers were used to evaluate their sealing efficacy, one zinc oxide eugenol/eucalyptol sealer to which Ca( OH)2 has been added. The other was epoxy resin based sealer.
80 extracted maxillary anterior human teeth with straight single canal were used. The teeth were cleaned from organic debris and calculus. The crown were removed at the cementooenamel junction. The roots were prepared . with step-back technique, and then divided into four equal experimental groups according to the technique of obturation. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups according to the sealer used.
After obturation all the roots were covered by two layers of nail varnish and sticky wax except for the apical 3 mm. The roots were immersed in India-ink for two weeks, then decalcified and cleared. The transparent roots were examined under the stereoscopic microscope, and the linear dye penetration was measured by calibrated eye piece.
The result of this study showed no significant difference neither between the four obturation techniques nor the two
sealers used.