الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
 |  | from | 135 |  |  |
| | | from | 135 | | |
المستخلص
The journey from conception to birth is fraught with danger. It has been estimated that 50 – 70 % of all conceptions fail and that recurrent pregnancy loss affects 1 – 3 % of couples. Pregnancy constitutes a major challenge to the maternal immune system, which must tolerate fetal alloantigen encoded by paternal genes. Local factors at the maternal – fetal interface are required to maintain such tolerance and to assure fetal survival (Salmon JE, 2004).
Recurrent miscarriage is defined as 3 or more consecutive pregnancy losses during the first trimester, commonly after detecting fetal cardiac activity. Recurrent miscarriage is obviously distressing and frustrating for both the couple concerned and those treating them. In many cases, the cause may not be apparent despite intensive and expensive clinical and laboratory testing and there remains only a limited understanding of the causes of recurrent miscarriage (Regan et al., 2003).
Recurrent miscarriage is a multifactorial event that can be divided into maternal and fetal causes. They include abnormal karyotyping, congenital anatomical anomalies, coagulation disorders, endocrinal disorders, infections and others. When these established causes are not demonstrable, as is the case in a majority of pregnancy complications, abnormal maternal immune responses are assumed to act as initiators of disease. A strong association has been established between maternal Th-2 type immunity and a successful pregnancy, whereas Th-1 type immune response is associated with pregnancy loss (Salmon JE, 2004).