الفهرس 
Review of literature
HistopathologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition, generally caused by transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The spectrum of the disease is wide, ranging from esophageal manifestations alone as esophagitis and barreWs esophagus to extraesophageal manifestations as laryngopharyngeal affection and respiratory tract complications.
Only within the last decade, with the availability of new diagnostic modalities, have researchers began to demonstrate the clinical patterns and mechanisms of GERD in the otolaryngologic patients. In other words, otolaryngologic patients seem to have a pattern of GERD that is distinctly different from that typically seen in the gastroenterology patients.
There is no relationship between the severity of GERD and the laryngeal manifestation. Patients with mild reflux may present by sever laryngeal affection.
The primary symptoms of GER-associated laryngeal disorders are hoarseness, which may be either chronic or intermittent; chronic throat clearing and br dry cough, discomfort in the throat, and foreign body sensation in the throat (globus sensation). Many otolaryngologic patients experience several or all of these symptoms.
Posterior laryngitis, contact ulcer, granuloma, laryngeal stenosis, laryngospasm, laryngeal carcinoma, vocal fold nodules, leukoplakia and Reink’s edema are laryngeal lesions in which GERD must be excluded as a cause or one of the etiologic factors especially in conditions unresponding to treatment whether medical or surgical.