الفهرس 
RIEVIEW OF LITERATURE
Etiology and Epidemeology of bladder cancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is the commonest malignant tumor in Egypt with a
recorded prevalence of about 26.39 % of total cancer of the body
(Mokhtar, 1991). The association of bladder cancer and schistosomiasis has long been evident in many epidemeologic studies (Kantor et al, 1984
; Abdel Mohsen et al, 1999).
Identification of patients with bladder cancer at risk of recurrence or progression at an early stage is important to provide an optimal specific dealing with those patients. Prognostic markers may be the tools to accomplish this. Hopefully new clinically valuable prognostic markers could be evolved from better understanding of the molecular events involved m bladder cancer progression.
The estimation of a tumor’s capacity for invasiveness is another interesting field in oncology research. Among many invasion related enzymes, Cathepsin D that is an intracellular aspartic proteinase playing an important role in intracellular proteolysis and protein turnover leading to local invasion and seeding of tumor cells (Westiey and May, 1999).
This proteinase is a lysosoinal phosphoglycoprotein first secreted in a precursor form (52 KD) and then processed to an intermediate form (48
KD) and mature forms (34 KD and 14 KD).
Our study included 58 bladder specimens: 30 SCC,21 TCC, 5
adenocarcinoma, 2 undifferentiated carcinoma and 5 cases of cystitis as
| control. The outcome analyzed in this study was overall survival (OS), il
(was available for 21 SCC, 13 TCC, 5 adenocarcinoma and one
idifferentiated carcinoma cases.
No statistically significant differences could be detected between
different subgroups regarding age, sex, lymph node metastasis,
icomitant dysplasia, grade, mitotic index and Bilharziasis (P>0.05).