الفهرس 
Sources and production of sliverOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The thesis comprises two parts, the first one is a brief collection of’ the literature interested ( in part ) in silver metal, how it was discovered, extracted, refined, .. etc. However, silver is a more active metal than gold but, although its abundance in the earth’s crust is about fifteen times that of gold, it occurs much less frequently 1.0 a native state. It is not surprising that in antiquity silver was valued higher than gold. In ancient Egypt, the ratio between the costs of’ these metals was 2.5 : 1. Silver like gold was used in coins but the cost of silver compared to that of gold was gradually decreasing.