الفهرس 
Historical considerationsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aims atident ifying the effects of extradural analgesia produced by bupivacaine and/or morphine on the metabolic response t o upper abdominal surgery. The study was done on patients undergoing elective upper abdominal surgery. They were divided into three groups according to the analgesic drug used for conduct of epidural analgesia: GROUP h ( bupi vacai ne group ) : Patients were received epidural bupivacaine in a dose for 10 m l 0.25% before the start of general anaesthesia and analgesia was maintained in the postoperative period for 24 hours by repeated injections as required. GROUP II (morphine group): Patients were received epidural morphine in a dose of 4 mg in 10 m l saline before the start of general anaesthesia and analgesia was maintained also in the postoperative period for 24 hours by injection of morphine every 12 hours.