الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cataract is the most common cause of treatable blindness in children. The incidence of congenital cataract has been estimated at up to 4 per 10,000 births. The prognosis for a favorable visual outcome after pediatric cataract surgery has improved significantly in recent decades. Lens opacities in infancy can have a wide spectrum of presentations and variations ranging from a minute white dot in the anterior capsule to dense, total opacities involving different structures of the lens. A complete ocular examination including pupil reflex, optic disc, retina and macular status should be assessed. The presence of nystagmus suggests poor vision and a guarded visual prognosis Visual loss is mainly attributable to amblyopia, most important, to stimulus-form deprivation amblyopia with the additional factor of ocular rivalry in unilateral disease. In recent years, the understanding of the surgical treatment of cataract in infants and children has changed significantly. Pediatric aphakia can be corrected by the use of spectacles, contact lenses, epikeratophakia, or an IOL. Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) may markedly reduce visual acuity due to occlusion of the visual axis resulting in deep amblyopia. Several techniques can avoid PCO, such as posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) with anterior vitrectomy. Cataract surgery in children has improved dramatically over recent decades, mainly as a result of modern surgical techniques and improved intraocular lenses (IOLs). However, several issues remain to be solved, for example, when to perform surgery, how to avoid amblyopia and surgical complications like PCO, and how to determine the IOL power in children of different ages