الفهرس 
Indications for endoscopic transnasal orbitalOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Endsoscpic approaches to the orbit take advantages of key anatomic relationships that arise from the fact that the sinonasal tract and orbit are contiguous structure. [157] Endoscopic surgery is a useful tool to standard posterior orbital approaches. It is especially useful for extraconal lesions that involve the orbital apex inferiorly or medially, as these areas have good access from the paranasal sinuses. [64] Transnasal endoscopic approaches are well established for orbital decompression [22], the management of selected orbital tumors [15], orbital medial wall fracture repair [23], dacryocystorhinostomy [25] and optic canal decompression. [24]