الفهرس 
Diabetes Mellitus with PregnancyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism associated with long-term complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and vascular diseases because of the presence of factors that oppose the action of insulin or insulin resistance. Maternal hyperglycemia induces fetal hyperglycemia and subsequent hyperinsulinism, which is considered responsible for most fetal complications associated with DM. Diabetes mellitus complicates 3–5% of all pregnancies and is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as maternal morbidity. Its prevalence varies worldwide. Perinatal morbidity includes birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, Intrauterine fetal death, congenital malformations and fetal macrosomia which complicates 20-40% of cases even with good glycemic control. Maternal morbidity includes miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm labour, traumatic vaginal delivery and increased incidence of cesarean delivery. Common risk factors with pregnancy are body mass index above 30kg/m², positive family history for DM, maternal obesity, grand multiparity, increased maternal age, macrosomic baby > 4500 gm in the previous pregnancies, previous gestational diabetes, unexplained intrauterine fetal death, polyhydraminos, persistent glucosuria in the current pregnancy and history of congenital fetal anomalies. Screening is a test performed on asymptomatic patients in order to identify those at risk for developing the disease. Routine screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common practice and is used by 96% of obstetricians in the USA.