الفهرس 
Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Flaps mean something that hung broad and loose, fastened only by one side. A breakthrough in the understanding of flap surgery appeared when a distinction was made between axial and random flaps that ultimately led to the birth of free tissue transfer. The most recent advancement in flap surgery came with the introduction of perforator flaps. Surgical flaps are classified according to the type of blood supply, the type of tissue to be transferred and the location of the donor site. According to the type of tissue to be transferred, flaps may be composed of one type of tissue including skin (cutaneous), fascia, muscle, bone, and visceral flaps, or different types of tissues including fasciocutaneous, myocutaneous and tendocutaneous flaps. Skin flaps are classified according to their blood supply into random and axial flaps, as they have three overlying layers of vessels, the first subdermal, the second at the level of the sweat gland, and the third at the base of the dermal papillae. Also they are classified according to tissue movement into local and distant flaps. Fasciocutaneous flaps are classified in to four types according to the number of perforators that reach them by passing along the intermuscular fascial septae. Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering methods, and suitable biochemical and physio-chemical factors which repair or replace portions or whole tissues (i.e. bone, cartilage, blood vessels, skin). It is useful in understanding the principles of tissue growth, and applying this to produce functional replacement tissue for clinical use. Identification of the vascular anatomy of skin, muscle, fascia, bone and viscera, makes it easier for selection of the suitable flaps to reconstruct defects whether congenital, Post-traumatic, post-inflamatory, or post-neoplastic. Also, surgical flaps play an important role in cosmotic surgery which is the corner stone in surgery nowadays.