الفهرس 
Introduction
DiscoveryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Proteins are important macromolecules for cellular activity. An intact and correctly folded protein is required for proper function. Several stress factors may partly or totally destroy protein structures. Therefore, to keep proteins in their functional form, cells have evolved a highly conserved class of proteins called Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). HSPs are prosurvival molecules that are present in all types of cells and cellular compartments; their expression is increased by a range of cellular insults rather than heat shock including environmental, pathological and physiological stimuli. So, researchers referred to HSPs more generally as stress proteins. HSPs have a dual function depending on their intracellular or extracellular location. Intracellular HSPs have cytoprotective functions, while extracellular HSPs play key roles in the induction of cellular immune responses. HSPs are essential components of the cardiovascular cells, constitutively expressed in minimal levels for normal cardiac function and are raised in terms of inducible expression in response to cardiac stress such as Ischemia /Reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy ,atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis…etc.