الفهرس 
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors are type І trans-membrane proteins that are evolutionary conserved between insects and vertebrates and act as innate sensors of pathogen attack and host triggers of an adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors are evolutionarily conserved from the worm Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals. Toll, the founding member of the TLRs family, was initially identified as a gene product essential for the development of embryonic dorso-ventral polarity in Drosophila insect. Later, it was also shown to play a critical role in the antifungal response of that insect