الفهرس 
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Abstract
Infertility is defined as inability of couples of reproductive age to establish a pregnancy by having sexual intercourse within a certain period of time, usually 1 year. Endometrial receptivity consists in the acquisition of adhesion ligands together with the loss of inhibitory components that may act as a barrier to an attaching embryo. Implantation is the process by which the free floating blastocyst attaches to the endometrium, invades into the stroma and establishes the placenta. Inadequate uterine receptivity is responsible for approximately two-thirds of implantation failures, whereas the embryo itself is responsible for only one-third of these failures. Factors capable of producing infertility in women related to the endometrium includes some inflammatory pathologies, growths like polyps and the presence of adhesions as in Asherman’s syndrome, and destructive processes. theless, there are other histologic changes related to this tissue capable of impeding pregnancy, probably by altering nidation, and ranging from metaplasia to ossification, and the absence of activity or response on behalf of the endometrium. Genital tuberculosis in many developing countries is responsible for a significant proportion of women with infertility. The endometrium is involved in 50-60% of women with genital tuberculosis. Endometrial polyps are a frequent finding in infertile patients. Luteal Phase Defect is a factor for infertility in fewer than 5% of patients. Women with PCOS exhibit elevated endometrial androgen receptor (AR) expression compared to normal, fertile controls. The mechanism of infertility associated with nonsevere endometriosis is poorly understood. Investigators have provided data that the endometrial environment is different in women with endometriosis. Osseous metaplasia is related to secondary infertility. It is due to retained fetal bone fragments but may be due to metaplasia of mature endometrial stromal cells in response to chronic inflammation or trauma . Infertility was referred to as unexplained if a cause could not be identified after completion of routine fertility survey. Hormone analysis was performed to determine the day of ovulation. The analysis of uterine secretions allows a direct evaluation of endometrial secretory function. Many characteristics of the human endometrium can be studied noninvasively by ultrasound. The analysis of endometrial biopsies is still the gold standard of endometrial evaluation. Immunohistochemical techniques have made it possible to study changes in specific hormone receptors, and cellular proliferation from formalin-fixed endometrial samples. Application of molecular techniques for assessment of gene expression has become routine in biomedical research. Activity of specific genes within a cell can be qualitatively and quantitatively assessed.