الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the work
Anatomy of biliary systemOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Benign biliary strictures continue to postpone of the more demanding challenges in abdominal surgery Iatrogenic injuries represent the most frequent etiology of benign bile duct strictures 0 Inflammatory stenosis related to biliary lithiasis and associated with acute caloulous choleoystitis is less frequent, other causes such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, congenital diaphragm of the bile duct congenital Artesia of the biliary passages, choledochal cyst and idiopathio or acquire fibrosis of the sphincter of Oddi are exceptional. The clinical presentation of post operative biliary strictures in general is of three kinds • Firstly the surgeon appreciate and recognize duct injury during operation. Secondly the surgeon can not appreciate that injury has occurred and the patient develop progressive jaundice clinically obvious on the second or third post operative day, reflecting ligation of the bile duct. Finally the patient has a stormy convalescence and there is external biliary leakage through the abdominal drainage the patients.