الفهرس 
Historical review
Human avian influenza pandemic of 1968Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 156 |  |  |
| | | from | 156 | | |
Abstract
Avian influenza infection acquired worldwide attention when highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cross the species barrier and extend to infect human and other mammals. As both human and pigs respiratory epithelial cell surfaces have receptors for both human influenza viruses (α-2, 6 receptors) and avian influenza viruses (α-2, 3 receptors). So, co-infection of human or pig with both human and avian influenza viruses produce a novel pandemic influenza virus has two properties the first is high pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses and the second is easy transmissibility of human influenza viruses. The clinical course of human avian influenza infection in severe cases characterized by rapid development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and rapid severe bilateral pneumonia. Human avian influenza infection in comparison to human seasonal influenza infection, induce an exaggerated immune response to combat the novel avian influenza virus to which human have no immunity. The anti-viral drugs used for treatment of human avian influenza infection are divided into two main groups. The first group is neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). They act against influenza A and B viruses. They act by inhibition of viral neuraminidase enzyme, thus prevent the virus spread. So, the viruses remain attached to the infected cell surface and to each others and also cannot pass through the respiratory secretions. Oseltamivir remains the main specific anti-viral drug for prophylaxis and treatment of human avian influenza infection. The second group of anti-viral drugs is Matrix protein 2 blockers: amantadine and rimantadine.