الفهرس 
MATERIALS AND METHODSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and Mammals inhabit a wide diversity of environments and display locomotor patterns that are habitat specific. Special attention was paid to the way the substrates differ across the habitats, and how there habitat differences are correlated to the different patterns of locomotion. The present study aims to: 1- Discuss the following items: a, Homology of the carpus and tarsus; B, sesamoids and c, digital reduction. 2- A morphogenetic approach to the origin and organization of the tetrapod limbs. 3- To find out the relationship between the skeletal structures and various mode of locomotion. 4- How there habitat differences are correlated to the different patterns of locomotion.
A great deal of variations was recorded in the present study on pads of manus and pes of animals, which may be correlated with functional demands. These pads differ in form and position among these animals. These variations may confirm the correlation between the position, form and structure of the pads with the habitat and habit types of each animal. Variation was occurred from group to group in foot skeletal elements in adult limbs, which may be reflecting the specialized method of locomotion.
During terrestrial locomotion, frogs use two distinct gaits: slow crawling behaviour and fast jump. In amniotes, the quadrupedal tetrapod species use a diverse variety of limb postures during terrestrial locomotion. The normal terrestrial locomotion study of the present birds revealed that the ten species have different locomotor behaviours. However, the investigated mammals have three patterns of locomotion.
For comparison, the osteometric measurements were subjected for univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. The pentadactyle nature of the fore- hindlimbs is evident in all the present lizard and mammals except in J. orientalis. So, due to the results of the present work and according to the aforementioned discussion and the studies mentioned by different authors, these results may be reflecting the different life styles employed by the present animals.