الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aim of review:This review is carried out to highlight the update in the methods of screening, early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Findings: Osteoporosis is one of the most troubling problems occurring at menopause not only for old females, but also for gynecologists and orthopedic surgeons. Now, there is a concept that osteoporosis has no single cause and it represents a continuum, in which multiple pathogenic mechanisms converge to cause bone loss. All postmenopausal women should be assessed for risk factors for osteoporosis. Several tools can provide information about bone quality and possible fracture risk. Bone densitometry remains the best tool to diagnose osteoporosis non-invasively. Now, it is recommended to do screening by bone densitometry for all women aged 65 years or older and women younger than 65 years with other risk factors for osteoporosis. Testing of the biochemical markers of bone turnover cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis, however they can enhance the ability to predict fracture risk and monitor response to therapy. Bone turnover markers are not widely used in clinical practice because they can be costly and may not always be covered by insurance. At present, there are no firm recommendations to perform routine bone turnover markers testing. Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that includes health care provider education, patient education, reliable diagnosis of at-risk subjects, effective treatment of secondary causes, lifestyle modification, falling prevention and pharmacological interventions that target bone resorption, bone formation or both. The oral bisphosphonates and the oral SERMs are the first line pharmacological treatments used in prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcium supplementation is important for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and should be prescribed together with all osteoporosis therapies. Although pharmacological options for management of osteoporosis had significant advances in the past decade, current therapies are not ideal and the need for better therapeutic agents still exists. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, prevention and early treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis help to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Research must continue to seek more effective and well-tolerated agents for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.