الفهرس 
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Abstract
The femoral neck anteversion angle starts early in the embryologic life by negative version followed by the development of positive femoral anteversion which reaches its maximum at birth then gradually regresses to its adult value at sixteen years of age .The tibofemoral angle starts as genu varum with maximum degree in the new born which decreases gradually and the knees tend to be straighten (transitional phase ) at the age of about one and half years and changes to maximum genu valgum at of age about 2-3 years then gradually regresses to its adult value of normal valgus at about 8 years. The tibial version starts In the newborn with medial rotation. Thereafter lateral rotation gradually increases throughout childhood until it reaches its adult value in early adolescence . The discrepancy between the normal values determined by different authors of development of the femoral neck anteversion angle, tibofemoral angle and the tibial torsion was in a very narrow range and this may be due to the racial variations or the variations in the methods of measurements either clinical or radiological. from the different methods of examinations the clinical methods was the most easily applicable and practical. They can be done in the outpatient clinics for a wide range of patients either for routine examinations or survey studies.