الفهرس 
Materials and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was done to demonstrate histological, histochemical and digital image analysis of d-glucosamine sulfate on temporo-mandibular joint antigen induced arthritis in albino rats. • Materials and methods: 90 Male albino rats of average weight (150-200gm) were divided into control group, untreated group and treated group as followed: Group I (Control-healthy): 30 Rats were used as control and sacrificed parallel with group II and group III. Group II (Arthritic- non treated group): 30 Rats were subjected to induction of arthritis by collagen II without treatment then after arthritis occurrence (after 30 days of induction) they were divided into three subgroups as follows: Sub-group A: 10 Rats were sacrificed after 30 days of arthritis occurrence. Sub-group B: 10 Rats were sacrificed after 60 days of arthritis occurrence. Sub-group C: 10 Rats were sacrificed after 90 days of arthritis occurrence. Group III (The treated group): 30 Rats were subjected to induction of arthritis as before and then after arthritis appearance (after 30 days of induction) they were treated with d-glucosamine sulphate 20 mg/kg/day orally on a divided dose /12h then divided into subgroups as follows: Sub-group D: 10 Rats were sacrificed after arthritis occurrence and 30 days of treatment. Sub-group E: 10 Rats were sacrificed after arthritis occurrence and 60 days of treatment. Sub-group F: 10 Rats were sacrificed after arthritis occurrence and 90 days of treatment. The animals of each group were killed by overdose of diethyl ether and then decapitated and. The specimens were processed for paraffin technique, and stained with (H & E), Masson’s trichrome, toluidin blue, alcian blue PAS, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase stains. • Results: • Histological analysis: Group I (Control-healthy): The normal condyle revealed the normal characters of the TMJ and normal architecture of the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. There was normal arrangement of collagen fibers of articular cartilage and extracelluler matrix intensely with metachromatism. There was highly intense reaction to alcian blue –PAS, alkaline phosphatase but mild reaction to acid phosphatase enzyme. Group II (control- arthritic): Sub-group A: There was side adhesion between the articular cartilage and the disk, thinning and irregularity of some parts of the articular cartilage, severe atrophy in other parts of the cartilage and destruction of the subchondral bone. There was disarrangement of collagen fibers with matrix defects or cavitations and intense metachromatism in the peripheral articular layer with very weak reaction to alcian blue –PAS.. There was highly intense reaction to acid phosphatase but mild reaction to alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Sub-group B: There was side adhesion of articular cartilage and disk, thinness and atrophy of articular cartilage, destruction of subchondral bone and increase marrow spaces. Collagen fibers were decreased and disarranged and moderate loss of the metachromatism in the condylar head with considerable reaction to alcian blue –PAS. . There was highly intense reaction to acid phosphatase but mild reaction to alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Sub-group C: There was side adhesion between condyle and disk, mild increase in cartilage layer with normal cartilaginous architecture in comparison with the previous sub-group B and slight destruction of subcondral bone. Little decrease in cartilage thickness with slight loss of collagen in the cartilaginous matrix, moderate loss of the metachromatism in the bone & cartilage and mild reaction to alcian blue –PAS. There was moderate reaction to acid phosphatase but mild reaction to alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Group III (The treated group): Sub-group D: There was villous hypertrophy of the fibrous layer, massive decrease of articular cartilage and abnormal configuration of subcondral bone. Disarrangement of collagen fibers, mild loss of metachromatism of its matrix and mild reaction to alcian blue –PAS. There was highly intense reaction to acid phosphatase but mild reaction to alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Sub-group E: There was side adhesion between condylar cartilage and disk, slight increase in condylar cartilage with its normal layers arrangement in comparison with the previous sub-groups. The subchordnal bone trabeculae appeared in normal arrangement. Regenerated collagen fibers appeared in some areas of regenerated cartilage with slight loss of the metachromatism of both cartilage & bone matrix with moderate reaction to alcian blue –PAS. There was moderate reaction to alkaline phosphatase but mild reaction to acid phosphatase enzyme. Sub-group F: There was normal articular cartilage layers: articular, proliferative, and cartilage with increase in the thickness in comparison with the previous sub-groups, normal architecture of the chondrocytes with no signs of degenerative changes and normal subchondral bone architecture with no signs of resorption. Arrangement of collagen fibers appeared normal with normal metachromatism of matrix of cartilage with intense reaction to alcian blue –PAS. There was highly intense reaction to alkaline phosphatase but mild reaction to acid phosphatase enzyme. • Digital image analysis: The net collagen matrix was increased in the treated group more than the untreated group. • Statistical anaslysis: There was significant increase in cartilage thickness and collagen matrix in treated group more than untreated group. There was also positive correlation between cartilage thickness and collagen. • Conclusion: Based on the previous results, it could be concluded that treatment of TMJ arthritis by d-glucosamine sulfate leads to: 1. Significant decrease in the signs of degenerative changes of the condylar cartilage and restoration of normal appearance of its chondrocytic cells and bone trabeculae and its marrow spaces. 2. Increase in the collagen formation resulting in normal appearance and arrangement of the collagen fibers. It started to arrange in its radial manner with increasing around the cell lacuna and capsule and decreased away from it. 3. Also there was enhancement in the matrix formation resulting in decrease in the degredative products and normal appearance. 4. The oral administration of glucosamine can stimulate the synthetic activity of chondrocytes, which declines with age, and therefore can offer a chonDROProtector effect in cartilage. 5. Glucosamine may reduce the risk of osteoarthritis-related joint pain, tenderness and swelling and reduce the risk of joint degeneration and cartilage deterioration. • Recommendation: Dentists and other members of health care should begin first with glucosamine sulfate in their plan of treatment of arthritis before the surgical treatment.