الفهرس 
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Abstract
Estrogen therapy has been associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, with multiple biologically plausible mechanisms demonstrated in postmenopausal women to account for this benefit. The phenomenon of nitrate tolerance has been recognized for more than a century and has been intensely investigated for 3 decades. Despite these efforts, a unifying hypothesis concerning the mechanism of tolerance continues to be elusive (Fung and Bauer, 1994). Our findings suggest that estradiol supplementation may prevent the development of nitrate tolerance during continuous nitrate therapy in postmenopausal women with chronic stable angina. Our findings suggest that TD-E patches attenuate nitrate tolerance in postmenopausal women with chronic stable angina. Although the underlying mechanism has not been determined, the antioxidant effect of estradiol provides an attractive explanation for a potential role of estradiol in the prevention of nitrate tolerance. On the basis of our findings, estradiol supplementation may be an effective treatment in postmenopausal women with CAD, not only for the secondary prevention of CAD, but also for the prevention of nitrate tolerance in postmenopausal women with CAD receiving continuous nitrate therapy.