الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intravascular catheters are indispensable in modern day medical practice, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). They are used to administrate IV fluids, medications, blood products, and parenteral nutrition fluids. Although such catheters provide necessary vascular access, their use puts patients at risk for local and systemic infectious complications, including local site infection, catheter- related blood stream infections (CRBSI), septic thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, metastatic infections e.g., lung abscess, brain abscess, steomyelitis, and endophthalmitis. Blood stream infection is one of the most common complications of intravascular catheter placement. The relative risk of CRBSIs was best determined by analyzing rates of infection both by BSIs per 100 catheters and BSIs per 1,000 catheter days, but CDC and Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) recommended that the rate of catheter-associated BSIs is more useful to be expressed as the number of catheter-associated BSIs per 1,000 catheter days. The choice of vascular access in the neonatal period is often dictated by the severity of illness and the expected duration of the proposed treatment. Reripheral venous and arterial catheters are usually used but have a relatively short life and may result in extravasations injuries and ischaemic complications respectively. When prolonged stable access is required, the umbilical arteries and vein provide an alternative route for vascular access. Longer term venous access can be obtained with fine percutaneous intravascular central catheters