الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Genu valgum is a common deformity in children and adolescents. Physiological variants predominate and do not require treatment. The tibiofemoral angle is with in the physiologic range of two standard deviations above or below the mean. Pathologic genu valgum is much less common, is .. more likely to progress, and usually requires treatment.By definition, children with pathological genu valgum have tibiofemoral angle that are outside two standard deviations of the mean. Both focal and systemic processes may cause deformity that either localize9 to a specific site within the bone or is more generalized, for example; unresolved physiologic valgus, posttraumatic (e.g. malunion), metabolic, neuromuscular, infection and generalized disorders. Knowledge of the natural history of the development of the tibofemoral angle is necessary to distinguish between physiologic and pathologic forms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of closed wedge femoral osteotomy in treatment of genu valgum in children and adolescents, as well as, to determine the prognostic factors that may affect the results and the complications of this technique. We have reviewed the literature with regard, development of tibiofemoral angle, biomechanics and some causes of genu valgum including idiopathic (unresolved physiologic valgus and lateral femoral hypoplasia), posttraumatic (malunion, physaeal arrest and metaphyseal tibial fracture), metabolic (rickets and renal osteodystrophy), neuromuscular (cerebral palsy and neurofibromatosis) and generalized disorders (skeletal dysplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta, mucopolysaccharidosis. 246