الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work comprised. 36 patients and. B healthy volunteers as a control group. They were classified into the following groups: 1. The Diabetic Group: , Comprised 10 patients with MOD (7 females and 3 males) with age r-ang Lng from 40 to 62 years. 2. The Bilharzial Group: Comprised 12 patients with nss (2 females and 10 males) with age ranging from 30 to 52 years. This grou: was further subdivided into: a. .§.h.l~pJ. ,g,r,2,ul?,: Hav Lng clinical, radiological, and/or endoscopic evidence of portasysternic shunts (esophageal varice This group comprised 7 patients (6 males and one females). b. No.£- Ehunt ~r.Q.u12: Comprised. 5 patients (4 males Hnd one female). 3. The Diabetic Bilharz,ial Group: Comprised 14 patients (6 females and B males) with age ranging from 34 to 55 years.