الفهرس 
APPENDEIXOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Management of the subglottic stenosis of the remains one of the most challenging problems facing the laryngologist. The laryngeal stenosis accents for 1.5 cases per milion patients per year. Lack of specificity and consistency in defining subglottic stenosis and disprate ways in which information about the disorders is reported make meaningful comparisons among alternative methods for management difficult. There is no universate agreement or common understanding about exactly what criteria define a case of S.G.S. and there has never been general agreement on objective parameters for assessing the severity of S.G.S. S.G.S. in infant and children may be congenital or acquired. Congenital S.G.S. is the third most common congenital laryngeal anomalies and most common congenital laryngeal lesion that produce serious respiratory distress and largest anomalies requiring tracheostomy under one year of age. The commonest variety of congenital stenosis is the subglottic stenosis which may be caused by both cartilaginous or soft tissue deformities. ; ; ; Clinically the symptoms and the severity, and age of onset are clearly related to thesevenity of narrowing of the subglottic in let. Stridor isoften present at birth,in - Branchial arches are masses of mesoderm covered by ectoderm and lined by entoderm. The arches are separated by grooves, visible on the surface of the mebryo as pharyngeal clefts and in the interior as the pharyngeal pouches. - Each arch has certain derivatives, nerve supply and arterial supply. The first arch derivatives are: : i) Mechel’s cartilage: Its dorsal end separates into ossicles; Malleus and incus, its intermediate part forms ’•the sphenomandibular ligament and its ventral end becomes associated with the formationof the mandible, ii) Muscles of the first arch, are muscles of mastication, the anterior belly of diagastric, the mylohyoid, the tensor tympanl, and the tensor palati muscles.