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Abstract Natural killer cells, which are produced circulate in the blood and make up about 2% of the total number of white blood cells as we founded. Natural killer cells are particularly important for responding to and destroying cells that have become infected with a virus and cancer cells. Natural killer cells have long been considered part of the innate immune system, which means that they can ”non-specifically” destroy any invaders that they encounter in the body, such as bacteria and parasites. Peripheral blood, five NK cell subpopulations can be defined on the basis of the relative expression. The CD56dim CD16bright NK cells represent at least 90% of all peripheral blood NK cells and are therefore the major circulating subset maximum of 10% are CD56bright NK cells. The various subsets can easily be distinguished by flow cytometry as depicted in our data (CD56dim16+, CCd56dim16-), these subtypes were highly decreased in HCC and HCV-HCC cases. CD56bright cells were predominant in secondary lymphoid tissues, and CD56dim cells, predominant in peripheral blood (PB). CD56bright cells have been shown to derive from CD34 hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via phenotypically identified stages. CD56 is thought to have tumor suppressing activity and reduction in its expression has been found to correlate with tumor. The CD16 is a common marker on human NK cells. It is involved in their activation pathway. It is, also, expressed on a subset of monocytes/macrophages, neutrophil granulocytes and mast Summary 104 cells. The CD56 and CD16 were measured in this observation were agreed with many authors. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a technology that allows a single cell to be -measured for a variety of characteristics determined by looking at how they flow in liquid. Instruments used for this can gather information about cells by measuring visible and fluorescent light emissions allowing cell sorting based on physical, biochemical and antigenic traits. This technique was used as accurate and recent procedure to investigate more beneficial in our present study. The aim of this work is to study the peripheral blood immunophenothypic features of lymphocytes cells among patients with HCV and HCC by evaluate the presence of CD markers in NK cells in Menoufia University Hospitals. This work aims also the peripheral blood examination by flow cytometry in diagnosis of HCV, HCC and HCV related HCC and possibility of immune therapy in our future study. This study was carried out on 60 newly diagnosed patients with HCV, HCC and HCV related HCC, in addition to 20 healthy individuals group at Menoufia University Hospital. In the present work, routine testing CBC, ALT, AST, total bilirubin and Albumin, and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were done. These biomarkers were reflected the cases status especially HCV, HCC and HCV-HCC as showed in tabled our data. The present study spots a beam of light on percent of CD3, CD16, and CD56 on lymphocytes in patient suffering from HCV, HCC and Summary 105 HCV related HCC and compares the result of patients with the control group. CD cells were increased as suggested a activator cells in different groups, where the CD16 and CD56 subtypes were decreased as cytotoxic cells especially in HCC and HCV-HCC two groups. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry using some markers CD3, CD16, and CD56 were performed for all patients and the control group; the percentage of the CD markers is considered positive if more than 20% of cells. The NK cell testing was offer the possibility and potential to target HCV and HCC immune therapy. Conclusion 106 Conclusions The host immune response plays critical role in HCV infection because of its potential to contribute not only to viral clearance but also to liver injury. NK cells are effectors cells of the innate immune system that can directly lyse infected cells and modulate adaptive immune responses. Addressing both the innate and adaptive immune systems will hold key to the development of successful vaccination strategies for HCV, HCC. In acute HCV infection NK cells are activated, displaying increased cytotoxicity and increased IFNγ secretion. In chronic HCV infection, NK cell frequency is reduced, with change in phenotype towards NK2 type cytokines (IL-10 and TGFβ). HCV and HBV affect NK cell subsets according to the status of the diseases, especially CD56dim NKG2 and CD-CD56bright NKG cells, may be of interest for disease monitoring. Our study demonstrated that the absolute counts of NK cell decreased in different proportions in patients with HCV-related HCC. There was a marked decrease in both CD56dim16+ and CD56dim16 and in particular, the CD56bright cells that refers to a possible role for these cells in the immune response to HCC. This might aid in developing new immune therapeutic strategies targeting both NK subsets for HCC. |