الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bactrocera zonata poses a significant threat to global agriculture and food industries, leading to substantial economic losses. Effectively monitoring and detecting B. zonata infestations in fruits and vegetables are crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. B. zonata’s impact on global crop production, with an estimated 10% reduction. This study introduces a pioneering approach using non-destructive methods to detect B. zonata damage in peach, mango, and guava fruits. High-Resolution Spectroradiometer technology covering the 350–2500 nm range was employed to characterize the Spectral Reflectance Pattern [Visible–NIR–SWIR] of fruits under different infestation stages, including eggs, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd larval instars.
The spectral reflectance patterns of healthy fruit samples (control) exhibited higher reflectance than infested ones at various stages. In contrast, infested fruits display reductions at specific wavelengths, particularly notable in the context of B. zonata and Ceratitis capitata infestations.
Identified specific spectral zones, such as Green for peaches, Blue for mangoes, and Red for guavas, emerge as effective in discriminating between healthy and infested fruits. This consistency across various fruit types and infestation scenarios accentuates the robustness of spectral analysis in the realm of precision agriculture and fruit quality management.
Beyond spectral analysis, the research delves into vegetation indices (NDVI, MCARI, OSAVI, TCARI, and NPCI) as potential indicators of infestations. NPCI, in particular, proves to be sensitive to B. zonata infestations. This holistic approach, amalgamating spectral analysis and vegetation indices, augments the toolkit for non-destructive detection and assessment of fruit infestations, providing invaluable insights into the health impact of infestations.
This study extended its scope by comparing B. zonata with Ceratitis capitata, a closely related genus, as a competitive pest for the same host fruits. The results validated the efficacy of hyperspectral data in early predicting fruit infestation and distinguishing between different stages of B. zonata infestation.
The non-destructive approach using High-Resolution Spectroradiometer technology presents a breakthrough in detecting B. zonata and Ceratitis capitata damage, providing a valuable tool for farmers to identify infestations without compromising the quality of fruits. The differentiation between healthy and infested fruits at various pest stages enhances the precision of pest management strategies.
Laboratory trials were conducted to assess the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes, specifically Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against B. zonata larvae and pupae. The impact of gamma irradiation on the virulence of these nematodes was explored, with a comparison between irradiated and unirradiated nematodes. As the concentration of entomopathogenic nematodes increased, the mortality percentage of B. zonata larvae and pupae also increased. Gamma irradiation of S. carpocapsae juveniles with 2 Gy enhanced their virulence against both larvae and pupae. Conversely, irradiation of H. bacteriophora juveniles with 2 Gy had a negative impact on larvae and a relatively low effect on pupae, emphasizing the importance of tailoring nematode species to specific pests and conditions.
Also the study unveiled a spectrum of malformations in B. zonata, affecting body length, abdomen, legs, thoracic patterns, and ovipositor. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the broader implications of infestations on the physiological and behavioral functions of the fruit fly, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of pest management.
The inclusion of Ceratitis capitata in the study not only broadens the understanding of B. zonata but also offers insights into competitive dynamics among pest species. The hyperspectral data proved instrumental in distinguishing between the two pests, showcasing its versatility in pest management beyond B. zonata.
This research signifies a pivotal advancement in integrated pest management and non-destructive detection techniques for B. zonata in fruits. The combination of High-Resolution Spectroradiometer technology and entomopathogenic nematodes presents a promising avenue for sustainable and effective pest control. The study’s findings contribute not only to the field of entomology but also to the broader context of agricultural practices aiming for enhanced productivity and reduced environmental impact.