الفهرس 
Introduction & Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The main objectives of this research are to assess the level of brain oxygenation during cardiac catheterization in individuals with serious congenital heart defects by use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
Neurocognitive function impairment, changes in blood biomarkers, and other forms of brain injury are all mitigated by using NIRS cerebral oximetry. Additionally, it optimises resource utilisation, decreases transfusion rates, and lessens the danger of harm to other critical organs including the brain and heart.
For this study, we used data from 50 patients admitted to the catheter lab over the course of 2 years for critically ill congenital heart disease who needed invasive cardiac catheterization immediately. They were contrasted with fifty control subjects who were not subjected to INVOS monitoring.
Echocardiography diagnoses were used to classify the study population into five groups.
First category: TGA, or transposition of the main arteries.
Coarctation of the aorta with VSD, interrupted aortic arch with VSD, and functional single ventricle with CoA are the three conditions make up group 2.
Patients with pulmonary atresia (PA), pulmonary stenosis (PS), or functional single ventricle (FSV) with PA or PS make up group 3, which includes tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and other duct-dependent pulmonary circulatory disorders.
Regurgitation lesions, tricuspid dysplasia, and Ebstein’s abnormalities are all part of group 4.
group 5 cardiac problems include a mix of truncus arteriosus and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), both of which cause the heart’s blood to mix abnormally. This is 2018 at Merck in Kenilworth, New Jersey.
A statistically significant age difference, but no sex difference, was found between the case and control groups.
Echo results did not differ significantly between the control group and the patients.
When comparing the number of catheter maneuvers performed by patients and controls, no statistically significant difference was found (p value>0.05).
The cases group had far shorter average stays in the hospital’s ICU, as well as significantly shorter durations of inotropic and prostin medication, when compared to the control group.
Concerning occurrences within 24 hours following catheterization, no statistically significant difference was seen between the control group and the cases. Similarly, when looking at intermediate and short-term outcomes, there was no discernible difference between the control group and the cases.
A little negative correlation exists between the INVOS value and the duration of the intensive care unit stay at the hospital. A moderate negative association and a weak negative correlation were found between the INVOS value and the duration of prostin medication and inotropic medication, respectively.
In circumstances where the patient passed away, the average INVOS score was significantly lower than in instances when the patient shown progress, whether in the short or intermediate term.
An intact interventricular septum (IVS), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and pulmonary atresia (PA) were the most common diagnoses of mortality in cases of echocardiography. Regarding the procedure employed for intermediate-term results, a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stent was present in the majority of patients who died.
Among the patients studied, the statistical analysis revealed a strong association between the reliability of the INVOS value and the death prognosis.
Based on the study’s statistically significant result (p value <0.05), the INVOS value was determined to be a reliable predictor of improvement in all cases studied.
A statistically significant link (p value <0.05) was discovered by the study between the prognosis of improvement among the cases studied and the length of inotropic therapy in the ICU.
The INVOS score was found to accurately predict an intensive care unit stay of less than three days in the instances that were examined.
In circumstances where the inotropic period was less than 1.5 days, the INVOS value was found to be statistically accurate.