الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A high dietary fat intake is linked to a higher risk of obesity, several forms of cancer, and perhaps gallbladder disease. Strong and reliable evidence linking dietary saturated fat intake, elevated blood cholesterol, and an increased risk of coronary heart disease is provided by epidemiologic and clinical investigations.
By changing diets, it is possible to reduce energy intake while also successfully reducing dietary fat consumption, albeit this goal has not yet been entirely realized. The food business has recently concentrated on the production of low-calorie, non-fat, reduced-fat, and fat-mimicking foods in response to consumer expectations. Some of these fat alternatives are synthetic versions of sugars like glucose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
The present study aims to synthesize some lipid substitute fat from lipid residues like soybean, mixed sunflower oil & soybean oil (1:1), and cotton soap stock with different sugar as a carbohydrate base from such as sucrose polyesters (SPE), glucose polyesters (GPE), lactose polyesters (LPE) and maltose polyesters (MPE), which reduce changes in certain biochemical parameters and histological of liver and kidney of rats treated with infected with hyperlipidemia experimentally by raising the levels of lipid profile.
To achieve this study, aim the following procedures were carried out
• Synthesis of some lipid substitute fat from lipid residue with different sugar as a carbohydrate base such as sucrose polyesters (SPE), glucose polyesters (GPE), lactose polyester (LPE), and maltose poly esters (MPE), and a better understanding of the relationships between the factors (reaction time, synthetic temperature, substrate molar ratio, catalyst) and the response (synthetic yield).
• Determine optimum synthetic conditions for sucrose polyester (SPE), glucose polyesters (GPE), lactose polyester (LPE), and maltose polyester (MPE) to compare their physical properties with commercial soybean oil, mixed sunflower oil + soybean oil (1:1) and cotton oil.
• Evaluate commercial soybean oil and sunflower oil + soybean oil (1:1) with different sugar polyesters.
• Biological effect of synthesis of some lipid substitute fat on liver and kidney functions and lipid profile in rats fed on different sugar polyesters and histopathological were carried out.
- Experiments were done using 56 male albino rats (Wister Strain) weighing 120 to 125 g. Rats were housed in a separate metal cage under the same constant environmental and nutritional conditions throughout the period of investigation. it was performed to investigate the effect of sucrose, maltose, and lactose polyesters as lipid substitutes and on the hyperlipidemic of albino rats. This study was conducted with biochemical parameters of blood and histopathology of some organs (liver and kidney) and observations of abnormal clinical symptoms and mortality rate. All rats were fed on a normal diet for two weeks, then rats were divided randomly into 8 groups each group composed of 7 rats as follows: -
group 1 (normal healthy) (control negative): Animals fed with basal diet for eight weeks.
group 2 (hyperlipidemic control positive): Kept as hyperlipidemic and fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks.
group 3 (HFD + SSPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% soya sucrose polyesters (SSPE) for eight weeks.
group 4 (HFD+SLPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% soya lactose polyesters (SLPE) for eight weeks.
group 5 (HFD+SMPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% soya maltose polyesters (SMPE) for eight weeks.
group 6 (HFD +MSPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% mixed Soya & Sunflower (1:1) sucrose polyesters (MSPE) for eight weeks.
group 7 (HFD+ MLPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% mixed Soya & Sunflower (1:1) lactose polyesters (MLPE) for eight weeks.
group 8 (HFD+MMPE group): HFD rats administered daily were fed on basal containing 30% mixed Soya & Sunflower (1:1) maltose polyesters (MMPE) for eight weeks.
After eight weeks after the administration of the different treatments, blood samples were obtained from the retro-orbital plexus of overnight fasted rats. Blood was collected into a plain centrifuge tube at 3000 rpm for 20 min for serum preparation and assay of the biochemical parameters of blood including liver, kidney function, and lipid profile.
Blood samples were used for the detection of the following parameters:
1- ALT. 2- AST. 3- Total protein.
4-Globulin. 5- Albumin. 6- Urea.
7- Creatinine. 8- Uric acid 9- Total cholesterol.
10-Triglyceride. 11- HDL -cholesterol 12- LDL-cholesterol 13- V-LDL-cholesterol
Histological studies: -
Histological examination of the liver and the kidney of rats treated with hyperlipidemia experimentally by raising the level of cholesterol and cholic acid food and different groups were done.
• The obtained results indicated that the free fatty acid (FFA) yield after extracted from varieties of soap stock ranges is 17.16 to 30.16 %.
• The acid value of varieties of soap stock ranges from (199.1 to 199.9) mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g oil, the iodine value from (110.9 to 123.3) mg I2/100 g, and the saponification value ranges from (191.00 to 200.2) mg KOH/g.
• The obtained results show that soybean, mixed (sunflower &soya 1:1), and cotton soap stocks contain a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids of soap stock ranges were (70.94 - 87.24 %) of total fatty acid, respectively.
• The major unsaturated fatty acids in soya, mixed, cotton soap stocks were linoleic (43.24 - 53.18 %) and oleic acid (21.46 - 26.39 %), while total saturated fatty acids content was (12.72 - 29.05 %), respectively.
• The yield of FAME from varieties of Soap stocks ranges were (82.6 to 89.2 %), respectively.
• the yield synthesis of glucose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose polyester with soybean, mixed (sunflower &Soya 1:1), and cotton fatty acid, the maximum yield soybean was 68.5% in SLPE, However, in mixed (sunflower &Soya 1:1) was 65.6% in MMPE, while in cotton was 66.7 in CSPE.
• The major unsaturated fatty acids in Soya (SLPE, SMPE, SSPE, and SGPE) were linoleic acid (40.25 - 48.00 %) and oleic acid (23.44 -30.32%), while total saturated fatty acids content was (15.68 - 16.67%), respectively.
• The major unsaturated fatty acids in mixed (MLPE, MMPE, MSPE, and MGPE) varieties were linoleic (45.45 - 54.66 %) and oleic acid (24.79 - 28.94 %), while total saturated fatty acids content was (12.84 - 20.50 %), respectively.
• The major unsaturated fatty acids in cotton (CLPE, CMPE, CSPE, and CGPE) varieties were linoleic (49.57 - 50.30 %) and oleic acid (24.93 - 25.64 %), while total saturated fatty acids content was (21.32 - 22.34 %), respectively.
• Both the IR and H1- NMR spectra indicate that Soya (SLPE, SMPE, SSPE, SGPE), mixed (MLPE, MMPE, MSPE, MGPE), and cotton (CLPE, CMPE, CSPE, CGPE) varieties sugar esters were successfully synthesized by interesterification.
• The refractive index range of soya, mixed (soya & sunflower 1:1), and cotton varieties soap stock were (1.4479 - 1.4505), while in sugar polyesters were from 1.4402 to 1.4520 respectively,
• The specific gravity at 25oC of soya, mixed (soya & sunflower 1:1) and cotton varieties soap stock range were (0.877 – 0.937), while in sugar polyesters between 0.805 to 0.964 respectively.
Biological evaluation of sucrose, maltose, and lactose polyesters as lipid substitutes and on hyperlipidemic of albino rats.
After 8 weeks of the experiment period, lipid profile, liver function, and kidney function were determined.
Impact of treatment with different diets containing soya (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE), mixed soya & sunflower 1:1 (MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties sugar esters on Lipid profile (total lipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL–cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol) of hyperlipidemic rats:
The obtained results could be observed that hyperlipidemic rats (positive controls) significantly (p ≤ 0.001) increased in rats‐fed HFD the highest values of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL–cholesterol. These mean values were (644.33±22.12, 175.00±8.00, 234.67±9.29 and 169.67±10.2 mg. dL-1) respectively. On the contrary, significant (p ≤ 0.001) decrements in HDL‐C were 30.00±4.00 occurred when compared with the control normal.
Administration of replaced lipid diet of 30% polyesters of (SLPE, SMPE, SSPE, MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) in rats fed HFD ameliorates serum lipid parameters (TL, TC, TG, LDL‐C, and VLDL‐C), where their levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) decreased when compared with hyperlipidemic rats. On the contrary, a significant (p ≤ 0.001) increase in HDL‐C level was recorded when compared with hyperlipidemic rats.
Effect of treatment with different diets containing soya (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE), mixed soya & sunflower 1:1 (MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties sugar esters on liver markers of hyperlipidemic rats.
from the results, it can be concluded that AST and ALT activities and bilirubin concentration were significantly increased in the serum of rats‐fed HFD compared with these activities of the control group.
Administration of replaced lipid diet of 30% polyesters in rats fed HFD ameliorates serum liver enzyme parameters (AST and ALT) and indicated a significant decrease in AST and ALT levels, respectively compared with positive control (hyperlipidemic rats).
Effect of treatment with different diets containing soya (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE), mixed soya & sunflower 1:1 (MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties sugar polyester on protein fractions (total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G Ratio) of hyperlipidemic rats.
from the obtained results it could be observed that all of the abovementioned parameters had a significant decrement in hyperlipidemic rats’ groups compared with the control rats’ group (control negative). The mean values of total protein, albumin, and globulin (g/dL) were (5.70±0.78, 1.90±0.52, and 3.80±0.26 g /dL-1) for the hyperlipidemic rats’ group. While, these parameter values were (6.60±0.36, 2.80±0.26, and 3.80±0.20 3 g/dL-1) for control healthy normal rats (control negative).
from the same table, it could be concluded that non-significant differentiations levels were also observed of total proteins, albumin, and globulin in serum rats with feeding administration of varieties sugar esters at dose replaced lipid diet of 30% polyesters compared with positive control rats’ group (hyperlipidemic). The mean values of total protein of (SLPE, SMPE, SSPE, MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE ) in hyperlipidemic groups have been found to be (5.73±1.46, 4.93±1.00, 4.60±1.61, 6.33±1.42, 5.57±0.95 and 4.90±1.00 g/dL-1 ), but albumin values were ( 3.27±0.75, 3.03±0.81, 2.43±0.65, 2.90±0.82, 3.47±0.65, and 3.00±0.80 g /dL-1) and the globulin values recorded (2.47±1.03, 1.90±0.20, 2.17±0.96, 3.43±0.60, 2.10±0.36, and 1.90±0.20 g /dL-1 ), respectively.
Effect of treatment with different diets containing soya (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE), mixed soya & sunflower 1:1 (MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties sugar polyesters on renal function biomarkers of hyperlipidemic rats.
from the obtained results hyperlipidemic rats (HFD) control positive (renal markers) had the highest mean values of urea, uric acid, and creatinine (60.00±6.00, 4.80±1.20 and 5.90±1.20 mg/ dL-1), respectively comparing with healthy control rats (38.00±4.00, 2.90±0.80 and 1.20±0.40 mg/dL-1). respectively.
Data presented show a significant decrease in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels after feeding administration of replaced lipid diet of 30% polyesters (SLPE, SMPE, SSPE, MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties sugar polyesters at dose replaced lipid diet of 30% polyesters were significantly decreased compared with control positive rats. While these parameters were non-significant differentiation compared with control negative rats. The mean values of urea (47.67±2.52, 47.00±2.00, 47.13±2.73, 32.83±1.26, 23.23±0.87 and 37.23±1.70 mg/dL-1), respectively.
Conclusions:
Soya (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE), mixed soya & sunflower 1:1 (MLPE, MMPE, and MSPE) varieties of sugar polyester are safe and possess no damage to the health of the kidneys or the liver. It is also an effective substance for lowering cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL levels while increasing HDL levels in comparison to control rats.
Finally, it has been recommended that soy (SLPE, SMPE, and SSPE) and mixed soya & sunflower (1:1) varieties of sugar polyester may be employed as lipid substitutes in the food sector.