الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
V
irtual labs have been demonstrated to be as effective or possibly more effective for student learning across a broad set of students and have shown relative agreement on the usefulness of virtual labs for topic knowledge and cognitive growth. When compared to traditional hands-on laboratories, virtual laboratories can provide advantages including lower costs, greater accessibility, time savings, safe surroundings, and the flexibility of self-regulated learning According to a global survey conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) on what higher education will look like in 2025, 72 percent of over 27, 500 respondents predict that hybrid learning models will be the norm by 2025(Chan et al., 2021).
Aim of the study
This study aimed to assess nursing student perception about usability and efficiency of virtual labs through.
1. Assessing nursing students’ knowledge about usability and efficiency of virtual lab.
2. Assessing nursing students’ reported practice about usability and efficiency of virtual lab.
3. Assessing nursing students’ attitudes about usability and efficiency of virtual lab.
Research Questions
1. Is there a relation between nursing students’ knowledge and their reported practices about virtual lab?
2. Is there a relation between nursing students’ knowledge and their attitude about virtual lab?
3. Is there a relation between nursing students’ reported practice and their attitude about virtual lab?
Subjects and Methods:
Research design:
A descriptive analytical study design was utilized.
Setting:
This study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing-Ain Shams University. It contains eight scientific departments that use virtual laboratory in their clinical areas. This setting was selected especially due to the application of the study technique using virtual laboratories that were established in 2022 and implemented in 2023.
Sampling:
Type:
A stratified sample was used for total sample size selection and a simple random sample for selecting each subject were used.
Size:
The sample size was calculated based on power analysis:
323 students were included based on the following equation with confidence level 96%
Sample technique:
Based on the probability stratified sampling technique, according to Sharma, (2023) stratified sampling in which the target population is first separated into mutually exclusive homogeneous segments (strata), and then elements are selected through a simple random sample from each segment (stratum). select students enrolled in the Baccalaureate nursing program during each of the four academic years, faculty of nursing, Ain shams University during the academic year 2023/2024. The equation was created to take the appropriate number from each grade and choose each number randomly.
Tools of data collection:
The data in this study were collected by using two tools:
First tool: self-administered questionnaire: (Appendix I)
Developed by the investigator after reviewing the modern scientific reference related to the subject of the study and the opinion of the experts written in Arabic language that included three parts.
Part I: Nursing students’ socio-demographic characteristics composed of five closed ended questions (Q1-Q5)
Part II: Knowledge of nursing students to assess usability and efficiency about virtual laboratories composed of 11 closed ended questions (Q6-Q15 and Q18), Two open questions (Q16-Q17)
Part III: Reported practices of nursing students to assess usability of virtual lab composed of twenty closed ended questions (Q 19-Q38)
Second tool: Attitude scale to assess Nursing students’ attitude about virtual laboratory (Likert scale) (Appendix II) Included (52) phrases. The scale included some statements such as (efficiency of virtual lab (13) statements, usability (9) statements, Satisfaction with the program (21) statements, obstacles (9) statements).
Results:
The finding of the current study can be summarized as:
• According to nursing students’ total knowledge regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, more than two-thirds (68%) of studied students had satisfactory level of total knowledge. While less one third (32%) had unsatisfactory knowledge level regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab.
• According to nursing students’ total reported practice, more than three-fifth (62.8%) of student had done reported practices related usability and efficiency of virtual lab compared with less than two-fifth (37.2%) reported hadn’t done practice.
• According to nursing students’ total attitude, more than two-thirds (72.1%) of the studied nursing students were having positive attitude. While less than one-third (27.9%) of them have a negative attitude regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab.
• According to the relation between nursing students’ personal data and their knowledge regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there were a highly statistically significant relation between students’ total knowledge and their age, gender, place of residence, place of living, and academic year (P <0.01).
• According to the relation between nursing students’ personal data and their total practices regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there were a highly statistically significant relation between students’ total practice and their age, gender, place of residence, place of living, and academic year (P <0.01).
• According to the relation between nursing students’ personal data and their total practices regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there were a highly statistically significant relation between students’ total attitude and their age, gender, place of residence, place of living, and academic year (P <0.01).
• According to the relation between nursing students’ total knowledge and their reported practice regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there was a highly statistically significant relation between total level of knowledge of students and their reported practice (P value.000).
• According to the relation between nursing students’ total knowledge and their total attitude regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there was a highly statistically significant relation between total level of knowledge of students and their attitude (P value.000).
• According to the relation between nursing students’ total reported practice and their total attitude regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there was a highly statistically significant relation between total reported practices of students and their attitude (P value.000).
• According to the correlation between nursing students’ total knowledge, total practice, and their total attitude regarding usability and efficiency of virtual lab, there was a highly statistically significant strong positive correlation between total level of knowledge, total practice, and total attitude
(P value.000).
Conclusion
Based on the research questions and the study findings it was concluded that:
More than two-thirds of studied students had satisfactory level of total knowledge regarding usability and efficiency of virtual laboratory. More than three-fifth of student had done reported practices. More than two-thirds of the studied nursing students were having positive attitude. Moreover, there was a highly statistically significant relation between the total level of knowledge of students and their total reported practices. Additionally, there was a highly statistically significant relation between total level of knowledge of students and their total attitude. There was a highly statistically significant relation between total reported practices of students and their total attitude. Also, there was a highly statistically significant strong positive correlation between total level of knowledge, total practices, and total attitude.
Recommendations
In the light of the findings of the current study the following recommendations can be suggested:
Increase nursing students’ awareness of virtual laboratories by organizing comprehensive workshops and training courses.
Holding seminars regular for nursing students to teach them how to solve common technical problems they may encounter while using virtual laboratories.
Conducting educational programs that support students in applying their practical skills in virtual laboratories through applied projects and practical training.
Further research with larger samples with the teachers and students from other universities doing health science degrees (medicine, pharmacy, psychology, etc).
Further research to assess impact of virtual labs and physical labs on students’ achievement and creative thinking in nursing subject.