الفهرس 
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Abstract
Considering the impact of AIV infections on poultry industry, the present study describes the isolation and identification of AIV from chickens and ducks in Qena and Luxor provinces during 2020. Three approaches were taken; Updating the situation of AIV subtypes among chicken and ducks in Qena and Luxor provinces, Upper Egypt during 2020. Provide molecular characterization of detected AIVs. Assess the presence of co-infection with different AIV subtypes and / or other respiratory viruses such as NDV.
Influenza viruses (IVs) consist of Alphainfluenzavirus (Influenzavirus A), Betainfluenzavirus (Influenzavirus B), Gammainfluenzavirus (Influenzavirus C), Deltainfluenzavirus (Influenzavirus D), Isavirus, Mykissvirus, Sardinovirus, Quarajavirus and Thogotovirus genera in the family Orthomyxoviridae. Owing to their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA), diversity in poultry influenza A virus is further categorized into 16 HA (H1–H16) and 9 NA (N1–N9) subtypes. However, these glycoprotein subtypes are 20 HA and 11 NA in mammals. The pathogenicity of avian IVs (AIVs) in birds exhibits a high pathogenic (HP) form of AIV which causes severe deaths among birds or a low pathogenic (LP) form of AIV where birds look normal. The H5 subtype is a considerable risk to the human population even if it is a low pathogenic one. The cocirculation of HPAIV and LPAIV subtypes among different avian species in Egypt detrimental effect on the national economy. H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, and H9N2 viruses will be addressed in this review as the predominant subtypes in Egypt. The contribution of migratory wild birds in maintaining the endemicity of AIV LPAIV or HPAIV among domesticated poultry will also be clarified.