الفهرس 
Chapter 1. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water and roads are critical to the socioeconomic and sustainability growth of urban regions. Road transportation is a crucial aspect of a nation since it is used to support social and economic activities more than any other mode of transportation. Infrastructure networks are generally considered the backbone of cities. Climate change, rising urbanization, and increased infrastructural interconnectedness are increasing the burden on societies, assets, and the built environment. This is particularly visible in metropolitan areas when transportation networks are disrupted by weather-related dangers, and it is predicted to persist in the future. This study investigates the effect of heavy rain on highway traffic volume and average speed. The Cairo Autostorad highway was taken as a case study. The highway climate data were collected, and traffic was measured using Metrocount equipment from 2008 to 2020. The present rainfall (2020) and the representative concentration path (RCP) for 4.5 and 8.5 emissions scenarios were used to simulate the rainfall for future years: the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. A model was established between the average rainfall depth and the average measured highway speed from 2008 to 2020 for the rainy months, indicating an exponential function with a determination factor R2 = 0.7076. The results show that in the winter season for the current scenario (2020), the average rainfall depth was 45 mm, and the highway speed was 78 km/h. For the RCP 4.5 emission scenarios for the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s, the rainfall depths were 67.8, 126.4, 131.2, and 143.9 mm, and the corresponding reductions in the highway speeds were 23, 34, 35.3, and 36.9%, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario (2020). On the other hand, the RCP 8.5 emission scenarios show a reduction in the highway speed of 23, 34.5, 36.9, and 36.9% for the years 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100, respectively, due to rainfall depths of 68.7, 128.4, 143.9, and 143.9 mm. The results show that along the 12 km long examined road, there are 40 water ponds.
It proposes a recharging well harvesting system as an alternative freshwater source in the context of climate change. Each pond has an estimated water volume of 300 m3, and a 30 cm recharging well, with a maximum recharging capacity of 25 m3/h with satisfactory performance, is recommended to be constructed for rainwater harvesting. The recharging wells will clear the ponding volume within 2.5 to 3.5 hours after the rainfall has stopped. The design incorporates a 1.2 safety factor against blockage inside the well. In addition, this study aimed to investigate the effect of traffic congestion in urbanized areas (parking lots and highways) on stormwater quality. Therefore, three separate locations in Egypt’s heavily urbanized and populous Giza Governorate were picked for monitoring and evaluating the stormwater quality: Faisal (A), El Dokki (B), and Hadayek El-Ahram (C), with catchment areas of 10,476, 7566, and 9870 m2, and with monthly average daily traffic (MADT) values of 47,950, 20,919, and 27,064 cars, respectively. The physio-chemical and heavy metal stormwater quality parameters of six water samples were investigated and compared with Egypt’s water criteria and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The water quality index (WQI) and the irrigation water quality indices were used to assess the stormwater uses. The results showed that the WQI varied from 426 to 929, with an average of (661 ± 168), indicating that the stormwater was contaminated at each location under examination and needed pretreatment to be useful. As a result, the allowed stormwater quality standards were exceeded for heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Cd, Fe, and Cu. The indicators of the stormwater quality for irrigation are the total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), and Kelley’s ratio (KR) show excellent stormwater for irrigation while, the total hardness (TH) and residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) indicate poor irrigation water quality.
It is advised to sweep streets to remove particle-bound pollution before it reaches storm drain water and put in place an adequate stormwater sewerage system to catch rainwater. This study helps policymakers make wise decisions regarding sustainable water resource management and highway traffic problems related to rainwater depths in the context of climate change.