الفهرس 
ABSTRACTOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 169 |  |  |
| | | from | 169 | | |
Abstract
The uncontrolled discharging of industrial effluents into the water resources impairs the water quality by the associated pollutants as dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and other organic pollutants (Kant 2012; Paździor et al. 2019) . However, dyes are industrial compounds of economic values for numerous industrial sectors the contamination of water by it has numerous side effects (Sayed et al. 2023). The adsorption of RB dye by synthetic PANI/C hybrid was evaluated based on the synergetic-enhancing influence of the PANI polymers on its uptake properties. The PANI/C blend exhibited a significant improvement in uptake qualities, with a value of 423.5 mg/g in comparison to CA, which had a value of 254.3 mg/g. The adsorption behaviors of RB by PANI/C, as well as the mechanisms that regulate these behaviors, were assessed employing the hypotheses of the traditional Langmuir isotherm and the advanced monolayer model with one site of energy. The incorporation of PANI induces the capacities of the present active sites rather than their quantities, which induce the uptake properties of the composite. Each single site on PANI/C can adsorb about 8 molecules of RB as compared to 3 for natural coal. This also implies a vertical arrangement for the adsorbed dye and the operation of multi-molecular mechanisms. The measured values of the adsorption energies of RB, which are less than 40 kJ/mol, in conjunction with the thermodynamic functions, indicate that the elimination of RB occurs by exothermic, physical, and spontaneous mechanisms. Moreover, ZnO@polyaniline/coal nanocomposite (ZnO@PANI/C) was successfully synthesized and applied as effective photocatalyts during the photocatalytic oxidation of CR dye, considering the synergetic influence of the different components. The catalytic performance of ZnO was greatly enhanced after its blending with PANI and support on the coal substrate. While the determined oxidation % by PANI, ZnO, PANI/C, and ZnO/C are 14.2%, 21.6%, 43.7%, and 64.3%, respectively, the determined oxidation efficiency by the composite (ZnO@PANI/C) is 100% at a certain CR concentration of 5 mg/L. The application of the catalyst at a 0.5 g/L dosage causes complete decolorization after 40 min, while complete degradation and mineralization can be detected after 100 min based on the TOC content. The oxidation pathway involving a series of decarboxylation and dihydroxylation ended with eco-friendly products based on the determinate intermediates and the detection of the hydroxyl oxidizing species as the controlling radicals. The mineralization results are in agreement with the eco-toxicity studies, which reflected strong declination, acute, and chronic toxicities of CR dye during the different stages of the oxidation.