الفهرس 
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Abstract
Protein is a key player in regulating the acidity (pH) in the body. Human bodies have a very small range of acceptable acidity and deviation from that can be extremely harmful. Protein is one of the “buffer systems” the body uses to maintain this range. Another balance the human body needs to maintain is with the various fluids moving through the system. The current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day for adults (for children 1.5 g protein/kg bodyweight/day, and for adolescents 1.0 g protein/kg body weight/day).
Whey protein is a naturally complete protein, meaning that it contains all of the essential amino acids required in the daily diet. It has the ideal combination of amino acids to help improve body composition and enhance athletic performance. Whey protein is a rich source of BCAAs, containing the highest known levels of any natural food source. BCAAs are important for athletes since unlike the other essential amino acids; they are metabolized directly into muscle tissue and are the first ones used during periods of exercise and resistance training.
Soy protein is a healthy and vegan appropriate way of getting protein. It is comparable in quality to casein,but digests within 2–4 hours of consumption, makingit an ideal addition to meals. Soy protein is known tobe a good antioxidant and soy products often containother healthy vitamins, but recent medical debateshave questioned the possibility of several downsidesto ingesting large amounts of soy.
Beef protein powders are an especially popular additive to shakes because these are convenient to carry around no matter the activity .Beef protein powder is made from various parts of a cow, such as the bones and connective tissue. It’s often very similar to collagen. It is also easier for the body to absorb. Beef protein isolate is almost entirely protein. It eliminates the carbs. and fat often found in other protein powder supplements.it can provide all the amino acids that the body needs in just one source.
Oat has been recognized as a healthful and nutritious cereal containing high concentration of soluble fiber and dense nutrients. Irrespective of nutritionally rich cereal, it has physiological benefits like positive effect on reducing hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hypercholesterolemia and several other benefits.
Therefore, this study carried out to investigate the different formulae s on the biological and biochemical parameters of low weight albino rats.
Twenty four adult male albino rats were used in this study, their weight was80±5g and obtained from Research Institute Ophthalmology Medical Analysis Department. All groups of rats were fed on the experimental diet for 28 days according to the following groups:
group (1): Rats fed on basal diet as a control group.
group (2): Rats fed on basal diet and 10%the first formula (60 %soy protein, 20%oat, 10%cocoa powder and 10%glucose syrup).
group (3): Rats fed on basal diet and10% the second formula (60%whey protein, 20%oat, 10%cocoa powder and 10%glucose syrup).
group (4): Rats fed on basal diet and 10% the third formula (60%meat protein, 20%oat, 10%cocoa powder and 10%glucose syrup).
Blood samples were collected after 12 hour fasting at the end of the experiment. Using the retro-orbital method by means of a micro capillary glass tubes, blood was collected into a dry clean centrifugal tube and left to clot in a water bath (37°C) at room temperature for half an hour. The blood was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum in clean glass well stoppered and stored at and kept (-20°C) until analysis. The organs, liver, kidney and spleen were removed and washed in saline solution, weighted and kept in formalin solution (10%,v/v).During the experimental period for each experimental part, the diet consumed was recorded every day and body weight recorded every week. The different diets were carried out by determined body weight gain (BWG), feed intake by daily consumption of diet, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and organs weight.
The biochemical assessment included the following: Blood glucose levels, lipid profile, kidney functions, liver functions, some metabolic hormones and histopathological investigation. Addition to the above bio chemical assessment, the chemical composition of tested formula.
The obtained results were summarized as the following:
-It could be noticed that all tested formulae contained the same chemical composition which contained 65.104, 7.57, 5.15, 2.19, 19.99% and 408.51kcal. as total protein, total fats, dietary fiber, total ash, carbohydrates and total calories respectively.
-It could be noticed that different protein formulae led to significant increase the feed intake when compared to control group and fed onbeef protein had a high significant effect on feed intake compared to the other tested groups. Regarding to body weight gain in the same table,the control group gained 10.23± 1.03g. per 28 days which was significantly decreased as compared to the other groups however, group 4 significantly gained more weight that tested groups. For feed efficiency ratio (FER), It showed that the control group gave a level of 0.074±0.05which was significantly lower than all other groups .While there were statically changes among groups fed on the other sources of protein formulae.
-Data showed that liver weight of the control group showed a level of 4.02±0.04g which was significantly lower than other groups. Control group significantly differ with the other groups. Groups2, 3 and 4 which fed on 10% soy, whey and beef formula recorded significant differences with the control group and their levels were higher than the control group. Spleen weight of the control group showed a level of 0.48 ±0.03g which was significantly lower than all other groups. There is no significant among groups fed on 10% of protein from soy and tested formula and also with control group. There is no significant changes between groups fed 10% protein from whey and beef which were as animal protein sources.
Concerning kidney weight, the control group showed a level at 0.44 ±0 .01 g which recorded the lowest value. Groups 1 and 2 showed non significant change between each other. The fourth group was significantly higher than the other groups.
-It is evidence that the blood glucose level of the control group showed a level of 98.054.01mg/dl which was significantly lower than the other groups. There were significant differences between all groups and control group and also the same effect among the tested groups.
-The control group showed a level of 12.110.37g/dl for hemoglobin. The groups fed on different formula showed nonsignificant in the level of hemoglobin as compared with the control group except the fourth group which fed beef protein formula. Data showed that red blood cells (RBC)×106by affecting of tested different formula for low weight rats. The control group showed a level of 4.080.01×106.Although, the level of red blood cells of fourth group was higher than the others, the other tested groups were higher than the control group and the differences are nonsignificant. Data presented the effect of different formula onthe platelets (Plat. ×103) of the control group which showed a level of 203.013.15 which recorded non significant changes with groups2 however, groups 3 and 4were significantly higher than the other groups. The results of Lymphocyte showed that the mean value of control group was 35.132.08% whereas adding 10% different formula led to increase the percentage of lymphocytes especially in the groups fed whey and beef formulae and the difference were significant. While, there is no significant between group fed soy formula and control group. The control group showed a level of 35.130.73% for hematocrit. There is no significant between 2, 3groupsand the control group. The fourth group recorded highest effect on hematocrit (%) level.
-The control group showed statistically significantly lower than all other groups. All groups were significantly different when compared to the control group. The highest total cholesterol was recorded in group fed on basal diet with 10% as beef formula followed by 10% whey formula. Feeding on 10% soy formula led to decrease the level of total cholesterol when compared to the other groups fed on other protein formulae but it was still more than control group. For the TG level, the control group showed significantly lower when compared to all groups. The highest value was fourth group followed by group 3 and group 2. All groups significantly were higher than control group.
-The control group showed the highest level of HDL-c , the level was a value of 44.582.12 mg/dl followed by groups 2 then 3 and 4 in descending order from higher to lower . There is no significant differences between group 2 and control group. The control group showed a level of 30.702.74mg/dl while the LDL-c level of groups 3 and 4 were higher as compared to the others which were significant between each other. It could be noticed that groups 4 with a value of 79.293.71mg/dl which was higher than the other tested groups fed on different formulae. In case of VLDL-c levels of the control group was significantly lower than the other groups. There is no significant differences between groups 1 and 2. The fourth group significantly recorded the highest mean value. The value of LDL-c/HDL-c ratio for the control group equaled 0.690.04 which came lower than all other groups. All other groups were higher than the control group, there is no significant changes between group 2and control group. The lowest ratioin tested protein formulae was for group 2 which fed on soy formula .The results showed that feeding whey protein and beef protein led to significant decrease in serum HDL-c and a significant increase in serum VLDL-c and LDL/HDL-c ratio when compared to control group.
-The level of uric acid was 2.95± 0.31 mg/dl for control group which lower than all other groups. UA concentration was directly proportional to dietary protein formula. The highest UA concentration was found in rats fed with basal diet and 10% protein as beef formula compared to the others (P ≤ 0.05) followed by the level of UA in group 3 which fed on 10% whey protein formula. UA of in groups fed control diet and 10% soy formula and tested formula were significantly lower than the results were recorded in groups 3 and 4 .The effect of some different formulae on urea levels was studied. The control group showed significant difference with the other groups. The value of urea for tested beef formula had significant difference with other groups and recorded the highest values of urea. The mean values of creatinine for low weight rats fed on some different formulae were investigated. There is no significant effect of feeding soy formula and control diet on creatinine concentrations, whereas serum creatinine concentrations of group 3 and 4 were significantly higher after the feeding basal diet with 10% beef protein and whey protein than the other groups .
-For AST level, the control group showed the lowest value which was 31.76 0.07 U/L. The highest AST level occurred in group (4) with a value of 50.92 1.92 U/L which fed on basal diet with beef formula at 10%. There were significant changes between all tested groups and control group. Data showed 34.912.14U/L as ALT level for the control group which is significantly lower than all other groups. The highest value was observed in group (4) with a value of 55.031.75 U/L. All groups are statistically significantly different between each other. Regarding ALP level, the control group which fed basal diet only showed significant changes with the others. The highest value was recorded for group (4) which received 10% as beef formula. So, it was found that protein from whey and beef formulae led to significant increase in AST, ALT and ALP levels which indicated a deterioration in liver functions in comparison to control group and groups fed on plant protein formula and animal formulae. Data reflected that the effect of different formulae on serum albumin of low weight rats. It could be noticed that the lowest mean value was in the group fed on basal diet as a control group. The highest effect was in group fed on basal diet and animal protein formulae (whey and beef) at the level 10%. There were significantly changes between tested formulae and control group.
-It could be noticed that the highest mean value of insulin hormone was in the group fed on control diet and the lowest mean was in group which fed on 10% beef protein source. There is no significant between groups (1 and 2).
Data reflected the effect of different formulae on leptin hormone for low weight rats. Data clear for leptin, that the highest mean value was in the groups fed on animal protein formulae (beef or whey protein) and the lowest mean was in the group fed basal diet and soy formulae. There is no significant differences between groups 1and 2. The effect of different formulae on T3, T4 and TSH hormones of low weight rats were studied. For T3 hormone, it could be noticed that the highest mean value was in the control group and the lowest mean was in group fed on beef protein formula. There is no significant differences between group 1 and control group. For T4 hormone, it could be noticed that the highest mean value was in the control group while the lowest mean value was in the group which fed on basal diet with 10% beef formula. There is no significant among groups 1and control one. Concerning TSH, it could be observed that there is no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 .The group fed on beef formula had the highest value.
-Microscopically, heart of rat from group 1revealed the normal histological structure of cardiac myocytes . Moreover, heart of rats from group 2 exhibited no histopathological alteration except congestion of myocardial blood vessels in some sections. Furthermore, slight congestion of myocardial blood vessel was the only histopathological changes observed in heart of rats from group 3. Likewise, heart of rats from group 4 revealed histopathological alterations, dilatation and congestion of myocardial blood vessel. For kidney, group 1 revealedthe normal histological structure of renal parenchyma (normal renal cortex and renal medulla) while group 2 described no histopathological changes except congestion of renal blood vessel in some sections. Furthermore, kidneys of rats from group 3 revealed slight congestion of intertubular blood capillaries and group (4) showed slight vacuolization of epithelial lining some renal tubules .In case of liver, group 1 revealed the normal histological architecture of hepatic lobules with normal central vein and normal hepatocytes. Meanwhile, liver of rats from group 2 exhibited Kupffer cells activation whereas group 3 showed Kupffer cells activation and necrosis of sporadic hepatocytes. Otherwise, some sections from group 4 revealed Kupffer cells activationand cytoplasmic vacuolization of sporadic hepatocytes whereas, other sections showed focal hepatocellular necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration.
-from the study results, it could be recommendthatIt is important to eat a variety of foods that give the nutrition body need. It should be eat enough energy to gain weight, protein to repair body and build muscles, vitamins and minerals to make body healthy. Mixture of animal and plant protein sources was more better than using one source. Awareness plays avery important role in using concentrated proteins. Different concentrated proteins for long periodled tosignificantly increase blood glucose and the functions of kidney and liver to up normal levels.Using animal source of protein helps to increase low-density lipoprotein and decrease high-density lipoprotein .Plant protein source as soy protein is less harmful effect on health than animal source as meat protein and whey protein. Nutrition and health education programs should be organized and directed for the public to show the importance of protein sources and its side effect at high levels for the people especially athletic people to avoid the morbidity.