الفهرس 
CHAPTER IOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chapter I: It includes a preface on macrolide antibiotics with a special attention to azithromycin ligand as a derivative of macrolide that under study as well as the oxidation-reduction reactions. It also contains the literature survey on coordination complexes and permanganate ion as an oxidizing agent (chemistry of manganese, oxidation states of manganese, advantages and characteristics), nanocomposite compounds, adsorption technique (Langmuir, Freundlich adsorption isotherm and adsorption models) and biological activity (antibacterial activity).
Chapter II: It includes the experimental details in this thesis such as chemicals which used in this work and their suppliers, description of the techniques and apparatus used such as elemental analysis, spectroscopic (FTIR, UV-visible, 1H-NMR, Mass, TEM, SEM, XRD, thermal analysis) as well as computational studies. Also, synthesis of complexes of azithromycin, synthesis of new compound (DADHP) and its complexes, preparations and standardizations of potassium permanganate as oxidizing agent, synthesis of azithromycin-Pd mono nanocomposite as well as adsorption and kinetic equilibrium studies.
Chapter III: Results and Discussion, this chapter includes important four parts as follows:
Part I: Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ag+, Cu2+, Ce3+ and Se4+ azithromycin complexes
This chapter deals with the results and discussion which are summarized to give the following information: 1- The proposed chemical formulae of the metal complexes are in good agreement with the calculated values from their analytical data of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and metal contents.
2- The complexes are stable in air at room temperature and colored with have high melting points and soluble in most organic solvents.
3- The geometries, the coordination sites of the ligand and the nature of metal-ligand bonds were suggested for the prepared complexes based on the data evaluated from FTIR spectra, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopy.
4- Study antibacterial activity for Ag+, Cu2+, Ce3+ and Se4+ metal complexes.
Part II: Novel synthesis of antibacterial pyrone derivatives using kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of azithromycin by alkaline permanganate
It concerns with the study of kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of azithromycin by permanganate ion in sodium hydroxide solutions. The structure of the oxidation product is confirmed by using FTIR, UV-visible and mass spectroscopy. This section also includes the study of influence of azithromycin and permanganate ion concentrations as well as ionic strength and [OH-] on the reaction rates. The stoichiometric ratio of ([MnO4-]consumed / [Az]0) was found to be 3.0 ± 1.0 mol, indicating that the
oxidation product is DADHP, the stoichiometry of oxidation of azithromycin by potassium permanganate conform the following: C38H72N2O12+3MnO4- =
C22H40NO7+ C8H16O3+ C8H13NO2 +3MnO2 + 3OH- +1.5 O2
It also concerns the synthesis of new complexes of Ag+, Cu2+, Ce3+ and Zr4+ with DADHP and the proposed structures of these complexes are confirmed by elemental and spectroscopic analyses as well as study antibacterial activity for these synthesised metal complexes.
Part III: Development of azithromycin–Pd mono nanocomposite: Synthesis, physicochemical, characterization and TD-DFT calculations
This chapter deals with characterization and structural properties of Az and Az-Pd mono nanocomposite, it includes XRD patterns and the thermal behaviour of the synthesised Pd mono nanocomposite that were investigated using TGA and DTA as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that was used to study the structure and morphology of the composite. Furthermore, the Gaussian technique and material studio software programs were used to calculate the molecular modeling and optical properties of Az and [Az/Pd]MNC using TD-DFT calculations.
Finally, Part IV: Removal of toxic basic fuchsin dye from liquids by antibiotic azithromycin and copper-azithromycin complex using adsorption, kinetics and equilibrium studies
This chapter include study the removal of new fuchsin (NF) dye using Az and [Cu2+-Az] complex as an adsorbents as well as investigate different effects such as initial dye concentrations, adsorbent dosage,
contact time and temperature effect at two different wavelengths (286 and 547 nm) for Az and at only 547 nm for [Cu2+-Az] complex.
The structures of dye with Az and [Cu2+-Az] complex were characterized by using FTIR, UV-visible and SEM analysis. The adsorption capacity and other parameters were estimated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, the experimental results for the adsorption of NF on Az were applied to fit first-order kinetic models, thermodynamic parameters (H°, S° and G°) for NF adsorption were calculated. The negative value of H° (-33.67 and -11.22 kJmol-1) indicates that the adsorption of NF onto Az is an exothermic reaction but the positive value of, H° (52.37 kJ.mol-1) indicates that the adsorption of NF onto [Cu2+-Az] complex is an endothermic reaction. The calculated negative value of G° (-19.67 and -13.01 kJmol-1) for Az and (-4.15 kJmol-1) for [Cu2+-Az] complex indicates spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Further the value of entropy change, S° (-46.22 and 5.90 J/mol K) for Az and (186.56 J/mol K) for [Cu2+-Az] complex reflects the non-affinity of Az and [Cu2+-Az] complex for NF dye.