الفهرس 
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Abstract
One of the most important tasks in the investigation of criminal cases, mass disasters, and forensic problems is identification. Gender discrimination is a key aspect of forensic identification.
Sex identification, as well as age, and ethnicity play important roles in identifying an unknown individual. Sex identification specifically remains a crucial aspect of identifying unknown human remains in forensic medicine, particularly when it is not possible to obtain whole skeletons or remains for analysis.
The os coxae or skull is the most accurate method for determining sex by bone size. Their presence after a natural disaster is never assured, hence developing techniques of sex determination using other skeleton features is critical. The current study aimed to compare scapular measurements on both sides in order to ascertain sex using 3-D CT.
The current study included 100 persons (50 males and 50 females) who underwent thoracic CT scan examination as part of a pulmonary screening program for a variety of reasons. The study was accepted by the Sohag faculty of medicine’s scientific and ethical committees, and the patients’ ages and genders were recorded.
After obtaining written informed consent and describing the goal of this study, all participants were submitted to CT to evaluate the following measurements: maximum scapular length, maximum scapular breadth, and maximum length of spine.
All scans were obtained from individuals laying supine using parameters of 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA, and 1 mm slice thickness. These values are technically accepted for routine thoracic CT scans and give adequate picture quality for both 3D reconstruction and morphometric measures. 3D reconstructions and the volume rendering technique (VRT) were used to create the MDCT scans.
After completion of imaging, images of each patient were analyzed and three parameters for both scapulae were measured. In order to improve the measurements repeatability, 3D rebuilt bones were obtained, allowing virtual bones to be aligned and the maximum length of the parameter to be measured to be in the screen’s frontal plane.
Through the present study, it was found that:
In both males and females, there was no statistically significant difference between the right and left sides for any assessed scapular characteristics in the current study. In addition, males had a statistically significant increase in the mean values of the right and left maximum scapular lengths when compared to females.
The current findings demonstrated a statistically significant difference between males and females in the mean values of right and left maximum scapular breadth.
In addition, males had a statistically significant increase in the mean values of the right and left maximal length of the spine when compared to females.
Conclusion
The present study revealed that:
1- There was no significant statistical difference between the right and left sides regarding all measured scapular parameters in both males and females.
2- There was a significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Max scapular length in males as compared with females.
3- There was a significant statistical difference in the mean values of right and left Max scapular breadth between males and females.
4- There was a significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Max length of the spine in males as compared with females.
5- The results of our study showed that the scapula could be used for sex determination
6- Measuring the dimensions of the scapula using CT scans in the Sohag Population can be reliable and accurate for the determination of sex. These results are useful in forensic medicine.
Recommendations
Because the infraspinatus and supraspinatus cavities in the scapula are thinner than the rest of the bone, they disintegrate faster. Because of their higher bone density, the spine and glenoid cavity are more resistant to post-mortem modification and erosion. Therefore,
1- It is suggested that in designing studies to determine sex based on anthropometric parameters of scapula bone, the indices of the glenoid cavity should be considered.
2- The study’s weakness was the limited sample size, which could impair the accuracy of each measurement and did not reach the forensic required cut-off points.so, it is recommended to design other studies with larger sample size.