الفهرس 
Background on Haller cellOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence, morphology,
associated presentation, and associated inflammation of infraorbital (Haller) air
cells. The study consisted of three main parts:
Part 1: All the parameters were studied through a systematic review.
Part 2: All the parameters were studied in patients subjected to CT scans of the
nose and PNS.
Part 3: Comparison between the results of the systematic review and the results
of our study.
Patients and methods
Part 1: Systematic Review of the Haller Cells
Data Sources: The search process was carried out in the following
databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EKB, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR. The search
covered all articles published from 1992 to 2022, using the following search
terms: (Haller OR infraorbital) and (cell OR cells).
Study selection: Eligible articles were published in peer-reviewed journals
and written in English. Articles not reporting on infraorbital air cells in the title
or abstract were not included. Full-text articles were screened, and the final
inclusion decisions were made according to the following criteria: original
studies, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses.
Data Extraction: Articles not reporting on infraorbital (Haller) air cells in
the title or abstract were not included. Surveys about symptoms and health
without exposure assessment, reports without peer-review, not national research
program, letters/comments/editorials/news, and studies not focused on
infraorbital air cells.
The analyzed publications were evaluated according to evidence-based
medicine (EBM) criteria using the classification of the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force & UK National Health Service protocol for EBM in addition to the Evidence Pyramid. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Guirguis-Blake et al.,
2007).
Data Synthesis: A structured systematic review was conducted, and the
results were tabulated. The review included 56 studies about the prevalence of
infraorbital air cells, 23 studies about the morphology of IOACs, and 3 studies
about the associated pathology of IORCs.
Part 2. The present study of the Haller Cells
This cross section-controlled study included 650 patients who attended to
Radiology department and ENT department of Menoufia University seeking CT
scanning for otorhinolaryngology (ORL) or non ORL causes during the period
of the study from June 2021 to June 2022.
A set of 50 patients were excluded from the study (5 patients declined
consent and 45 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, 600 patients were
willing to participate in the study and consented for participation. Therefore, 54
Patients who had Haller cell were enrolled in this study and statistically
analyzed.
According to the relation of the Haller cells to the inferior orbital wall
and uncinate process and infundibulum, the following classification was
proposed by the senior supervisor Dr Ahmed Ragab.
Type I (localized infundibular orbitoethmoidal air cells):
Single or multiple cells localized lateral to an imaginary line extended
from the meeting point of roof and lateral orbital walls to a meeting point of
medial and floor of orbital walls not reach infra orbital canal.
Type Ia: small not impacted to the uncinate process (less than 1/2 the
distance between the uncinate process and infero medial wall of the orbit.
Type Ib: large not impacted to the uncinate process (more than 1/2 the
distance between the uncinate process and infero medial wall of the orbit
Type Ic: Impacted to the uncinate process.
Type II: (Expanded infundibular orbitoethmoidal air cells).