الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis is divided into three chapters and a conclusion:
Chapter One
As the aim of this thesis is to fill in one of the gaps between narratology and ideology, the link between narratology and ideology is established in this chapter. First, definitions of narratology, classical narratology, postclassical narratology and postcolonial criticism are provided. Postcolonial narratology is then introduced as a common ground between narratology and ideology. Then, Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope is introduced and a rationale for engaging with Bakhtin’s theory on the chronotope is presented. Finally, Bakhtin’s concept of the threshold chronotope is explicated in the light of Madina Tlostanova’s proposition of placing Bakhtin’s border chronotope in the postcolonial context.
Chapter Two
Chapter Two focuses mainly on Leila Aboulela’s narrative choices in The Kindness of Enemies. Aboulela chooses to place her main character in the contemporary narrative in Scotland. Natasha is of Sudanese origin. Her presence in Scotland at a time when anti-terror policies were dominating the social, political and cultural scene in the West enables the writer to explore the toll of being a Muslim in the West at that time. The historical narrative focuses on the arduous journey that Imam Shamil had to go through from victory to defeat. The spiritual consequences of defeat are as important as the political ones according to Imam Shamil’s world view. Aboulela highlights the price Imam Shamil had to pay for getting his kidnapped son back. The dialogism between Aboulela’s narrative choices and the chronotopes that regulate the transition from the historical narrative to the contemporary one will be examined. The two separate plots, the role of the narrator and characterization are going to be examined in relation to the postcolonial context of producing the novel. Aboulela’s choice of chronotopes and its interaction with other narratological elements will be analyzed using Bakhtin’s theory of the border chronotope. The imperial/colonial chronotope will be examined in relation to the subversive function that it acquires in Aboulela’s narrative.
Chapter Three
This chapter explores the theme of displacement with reference to Mohsin Hamid’s novel Exit West. Hamid places two Middle-Eastern characters in the West. Then, he highlights the changes that occur to them due to the traumatic experience of displacement. Hamid’s narrative is global in its scope. Most regions of the world are referred to either in the main plot or in the mini-plots that interrupt the main plot. Hamid’s choice of indefinite time in contrast to the definite places that his characters travel to will be examined in the light of Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope. This chapter will highlight the interaction between the (de)construction of characters’ identity and their chronotopes of displacement. Bakhtin’s theory of the threshold chronotope will be applied to Hamid’s narrative choices.
Conclusion: