الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out during the period from January 2023 to October 2023 in the Department of parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of blood parasites and ticks in cattle in Assiut Governorate using blood examination and the identification of ticks. A total of 130 cattle of different ages and sexes from different localities were examined clinically through blood film examination in addition to the identification of ticks collected from the animals.
The result of the blood film examination of cattle revealed that the prevalence of infection rate with blood piroplasm was 46.2%., Out of 130 blood samples were examined in the present survey (57 animal< 1 year, 38 animal 1-3 years and 35 > 3 years, 78 female and 52 male). While the overall prevalence of Thelieria sp. was 40% (49.1 %in animal > 1 year, 36.8% in animal 1-3 years and 28.6% in animal > 3 years, 34.6% male and 43.6% in female). However, the overall prevalence of Babesia sp. was 6.2 (8.8% in animal > 1 year, 5.3% in animal 1-3 years and 2.9% in animal > 3 years, 9.6% male and 3.8% in female). The prevalence of tick infestation was 46.9% (49.1 %in animal > 1 year, 44.7% in animal 1-3 years and 45.7% in animal > 3 years, 50% male and 44.9% in female). There was no significant difference in the distribution of Theileria, Babesia, tick by age or sex (P > 0.05).
Two positive blood sample and one tick sample purified by PCR technique analyzed by sequencing to get nucleotide sets of (tams-1) gene (721 bp) for Theileria sp., (18s ribosomal RNA) gene (340 bp) for Babesia sp. and Tick (COX1) gene (703bp) for tick and recorded in gene bank with accession numbers:OR987843, OR965914, OR965090 respectively. the phylogenetic analysis of the blood samples revealed that the most prevalent Theileria causing theileriosis in cattle in Assiut is Theileria annulata and the most prevalent Babesia causing babesiosis in cattle in Assiut is Babesia bigemina. One tick species was identified during the present study Rhipicephalus annulatus.
Phoxim is the principal chemical acaricidal drugs for tick control. The current problem of tick resistance to these acaricides developed as a result of the inappropriate use of acaricides and their widespread application There is an urgent need for the development of environmentally friendly, safe, and effective anti-tick natural products that can disrupt the life cycle and all biological processes of insects and their dispersal as an herbal acaricide. In the present study, different treatments (neem oil, chrysamsmum extract, garlic oil and allicin nanoemulsion). Our study carried out to ensure their activity against Rhipicehalus annulatus. The measurement was carried out to confirm the formation of allicin nanoemulsion is Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
We carried out an in vitro study on Rhipicehalus annulatus. The in vitro study divided into two items, firstly the effect of different treatment on the mortality of adult stage of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Our results showed that all of the tested treatment had remarkable acaricidal effect on Rhipicephalus annulatus neem oil, garlic oil and allicin nanoemulsion nearly have the same result which was similar to phoxim (total death occurred after 24h at high conc). There was significant difference between all conc. of different treatment and control group.
Secondly, the effect of different treatments on the morghology of Rhipicehalus annulatus. Our results showed that destruction of the cuticle of adult stage by (neem 20mg/L, chrysamsmum extract 0.5mg/ml, garlic oil 20mg/L and allicin nanoemulsion 5 mg/L, and 1m/1000ml phoxim) was more obvious in the form of (loss of striation, cracks, wrinkling, pores, sloughing of some areas and blebs on the cuticle).