الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study investigates chemical and biological features of two plants, carrot (D. carota) and Schefflera arboricola. Both plants are common in Egypt. Methanolic extract of D. carota leaf exhibited a total phenolic content (TPC) equal to 106.63 mg GAE/g dry extract. Its derived fractions butanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, petroleum ether and water showed variable TPC, n-BuOH showed the highest content (144.56) followed by EtOAc (113.95), H2O (69.65), CH2Cl2 (32.10) and Pet. ether (13.40). Antioxidant activity was assayed via using two antioxidant assays namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum. DPPH assay showed that D. carota leaf methanolic extract exhibited free radical masking efficacy with IC50 value of 40.75 µg/ml, while its derived fraction showed activities with IC50 value of 28.07, 32.24, and 71.58 µg/ml, respectively for n-BuOH, EtOAc, and H2O fractions. There is no any activity recorded with petroleum ether and CH2Cl2 fractions. While in the phosphomolybdenum assay, the methanol extract displayed total antioxidant capacity (TAC) value of 256.0 mg AAE/g dry extract and for its derived fraction the TAC values are in the order: n-BuOH (314.67) > EtOAc (282.32) > 154.0 (69.65) > CH2Cl2 (52.0) > Pet. ether (34.0) mg AAE/g dry extract. Different extracts of Schefflera arboricola showed week antioxidant efficacy.
The methanol extract of D. carota leaves and its sub-derived fractions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial inhibition zones were raged from 0 to 15 mm, 0 to 13 mm, 0 to 11 mm and 0 to 8 mm, respectively against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger. Ethyl acetate fraction is the most potent fraction against all tested microorganisms; S. aureus (15 mm) compared to Ciprofloxacin (18 mm), E. coli (13 mm) compared to Ciprofloxacin (19 mm), C. albicans (11 mm) compared to Nystatin (18 mm) and A. niger (8 mm) compared to Nystatin (17 mm).
The methanol extract of S. arboricola give antimicrobial inhibition zones from 0 to 14 mm, 0 to 15 mm, 0 to 11 mm and 0 mm, respectively against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger. Ethyl acetate fraction is the most potent fraction against all tested microorganisms; S. aureus (14 mm) compared to Ciprofloxacin (18 mm),
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E. coli (15 mm) compared to Ciprofloxacin (19 mm), C. albicans (16 mm) compared to Nystatin (18 mm) but it showed no activity against A. niger (0 mm) compared to Nystatin (17 mm). Furthermore, the dichloromethane also give a good result against S. aureus (13 mm) and E. coli (12 mm), also the n-butanol showed a moderate activity against S. aureus (10 mm), E. coli (9 mm) and C. albicans (9 mm). Pet. ether also showed a moderate efficacy against S. aureus (12 mm), E. coli (8 mm) and C. albicans (9 mm).
The methanol leaf extract of D. carota and its sub-derived fractions displayed antimicrobial activity, the methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts displayed variable inhibitory influences, while there is no any activity was recorded in case of petroleum ether and water extracts. The inhibitory effects were ranged from 23.23 to 55.26 %, 0 to 60.23%, 0 to 40.25 % and 0 to 32.23 %, respectively against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.
The methanol extract of S. arboricola and its sub-derived fractions showed that the methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts demonstrated variable inhibitory effects, while there is no any activity was recorded in case of dichloromethane and water extracts. Methanol extract showed inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa (20 %) and B. subtilis (25 %) but n-butanol extract give a very weak inhibition effect against E. coli and S. aureus (0.25 %). Additionally, the ethyl acetate demonstrated the highest activity against the four pathogenic microbial strains, 45.00, 50.22, 30.25 and 36.00 % followed by pet. ether 25.00, 12.00, 18.00, 0.00 %, respectively against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.
HPLC coupled with a high resolution mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique was utilized for rapid chracterization of chemical content of D. carota n-butanol extract. The analysis led to the identification of 34 compounds based on their retention times, fragmentation patters and via comparison with the available reported data. The identified compounds were categorized as carboxylic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, benzene derivatives, coumarins, anthraquinones, steroids, cholestanoids, benzaldehydes, phenols and fatty acids. The phenolic acids and flavonoids were the dominant compounds in the extract.
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GC-MS analysis was also used to identify the bioactive compounds isolated from plant extracts. GC-MS chromatogram interpretation of the petroleum ether extract from S. arboricola leaves showed presence 22 compounds classified as eight oxygenated compounds and fourteen deoxygenated compounds. According to their chemical classes they identified as alkyl benzene (13 compounds), saturated fatty ester (3 compounds), unsaturated fatty ester (two compounds), the major compound was hexadecenoic acid methyl ester followed by spathulenol and 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl respectively.