الفهرس 
Introduction and rationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Congenital anomalies (congenital abnormalities, congenital malformations, birth defects) are any biochemical, morphological, structural defect which may begin from conception until birth and may discovered at time of birth or not.The most common congenital anomalies are, according to their incidence, skeletal muscle, cutaneous, and urological (Lynberg and Edmonds, 1992), and the most frequent genitourinary anomalies are renal, testicular, and urethral respectively (Park,2002).
Externalgenital anomalies in male infants may presented in the penis for example: hypospadius,epispadius, meatal stenosis, micropenis, penile chordee, webbed penis and congenital penile rotation, or presented in testis as undescended testis in one side or both sides (cryptorchidism), retractile testis, hydrocele, absent testis(ambiguous genetalia), oblique inguinal hernia, bifid srotum, penoscrotal transposition, scrotal hypoplasia, scrotal ectopia and cysts occur along penile or scrotal raphe are among the most common congenital anomalies (Sthephens et al, 2002;Bhat and Babu, 2005 ).
Causes of external genital anomalies in male infants is usually unknown, about 20-25% of anomalies may be due to multifactorial causeas interaction between genetic causes with environmental causes. eg.(Infections, illness, or drug abuse in the mother)(Akre et al,1999).
Genetic causes of genitalanomalies include inheritance of abnormal genesfrom the parents which lead tomutationsin one of the germ cells that give rise to the fetus (Klocker et al, 1995).